ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰⵎ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵕⵊⴰⵎⴰ ⵍⴻⵓⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵜⵃⴼ.
ⵖⴰⵔⵏⵖ ⵉⴱⴰⵕⴰⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴳ ⵉⵜⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵔⵣⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ.
Ɛawd tzmmarm ad tmbrubitcam zg isugam n ttṛjama leutumatikiya dg usit d lmtḥf.
ƔarnƔ ibaṛaṭutn ttmuttuyn nttg itn dg ifassn n inrzafn nnƔ.

01

ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ

ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ

ⴷⵉ 1841, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵓⵔⴷⴷⴰⵊ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵀⵊⵎⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉⵙⵜⴰⵙ ⵅ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵜⵎⵎⵡⵛ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵕⵓⵅⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⴷⵉⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵖⴰ ⴳⴳⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ, ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰ. ⴷ ⴱⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ.

“ⵣⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵜⵃⴼ : 150 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵅ ⵍⵄⵉⵎⴰⵕⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ”.

fabrika n yiƔẓaṛ

kan sanglas

di 1841, Ɣar warni urddaj ar mani hjmn karlistas x manliw, tmmwc as aṛṛuxṣa n waman i usbbab marti sanglas bradil ḥma ad ibna mani Ɣa ggn macina n unƔad n ṛqṭn, fabrika n yiḍ a. d bddu n ṣṣnℇt n jjdid di manliw, tmƔar tiwḍ ar lḥawḍ n il tir.

“zi fabrika Ɣar lmtḥf : 150 n isggʷusa iℇdun x lℇimaṛa ṣṣinaℇiya”.

02

ⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ

ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵢⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵔⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⴷⵉ 1829, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ. ⵣⵉ 1841, ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⵛⴰ ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ.

zi tarya Ɣar lqanat ṣṣinaℇiya

Ɣarsn Ɣar jjhd n waman ijj n lfaydt tamqrant di rbni n fabrikat di il tir. di 1829, tuƔa tettssu tayya taqdint n tsirt n dalt, di manliw, ijj n fabrika n ṛqṭn. zi 1841, mmarnint fabrikat itettarn aman, uca tdwr tayya d ijj n lqanat ṣṣinaℇiya d tamzwarut di katalunya.

03

ⴷⵛⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵖⵥⵕⴰⵏ

ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ, ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵅⴰⴼⵙⵏ, ⵀⵡⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ 20, ⵄⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ.

dcurat idjan x iƔẓṛan

s jjhd n waman manliw, ṛuḍa di tir, sant ibulit d turilu, dwrn dg umcan n bik d sintillis, imucan iqdimn idi tuƔa fabrikat umi ittxṣṣa jjhd n waman, tkka xafsn, hwan dg wayyar n leiqṭiṣad, ar umzwaru n rqan n 20, ℇad ibda usxdm n jjhd n tfawt di qqaℇ imucan.

04

ⵣⵉ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ

ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ

ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵀⵔⵓⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵅⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏ ⵣⵣⵛⵜ, ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵛⵡⴰⵖⴹ, ⴷ ⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵇⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵡⵜ ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵖⴰ ⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ.

ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ

ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉ. ⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵊⴱⴷ ⴰⵔ 25% ⵣⵉ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴷⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵊⴱⴷ ⴰⵔ 85%. ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵓⴷⴼⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴹⵉⵍⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⴹⴹⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⵃⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵎⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵏⴰ. ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵙⵙⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ 19.

zi tjarrart tahidrulikit Ɣar turbina

tajarrart tahidrulikit

dg umzruy tazzra n waman itthruccan dwrn d jjhd amikaniki s tjarrarin tihidrulikiyin. s mana a xdmnt tsarin n irdn, n imndi, n zzct, d fabrikat n rcwaƔḍ, d batanis, d ifaṛṛann n usfsi n wuzzar, d macina izi tuƔa ttqssan tafrwt qbr id Ɣa tban ṣṣinaℇa.

turbina

s turbina tmmarni rxdmt s jjhd ahidruliki. mara zi tjarrar taqdint izmmar ad ittwajbd ar 25% zi jjhd n tzmmart n ssdd, s turbina tettwajbd ar 85%. di katalunya, turbinat timzwura ittwassarsn tuƔa udfnt di ssistim n funtin, ijj n muḍilu ittwaggn ℇla ḥsab tazzra war idjin mnḍḍma n iƔẓṛan n rbḥar acmrar. tuƔa ṣnnℇn tnt ccarikat n blanas n jiruna. di manliw, ssarsn aṭṭaṣ zzaysnt di fabrikat nns zg ubddu n isggʷusa n ssttinat n rqan n 19.

05

ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ

ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷⵉ 1848 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.

ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ

ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵓⵀⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⵉⵢⴰⵔⵓⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⵛⵎⴹⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉⵙⵜⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ 1839, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵓⵍⴰ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵃⵇⵇ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⵎⵉⵜⵊⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰ. ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⴽⵙⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵣⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵍⴼⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵊⵓⵏⴽⴰⴷⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵖⵉⵔ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵃⵣⵔⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⴷⵔⵉⵍ.

lqanat, d nttat issirin zi ṣṣnℇt di manliw

lqanat ittwaṣnnℇn tarra s tidt leistiƔlal n jjhd n waman. tdwr tmtn s uℇdar d ussiriw nns aṭṭaṣ n imurn, di 1848 tuƔa xddmnt zzays sbℇa n fabrikat n unƔad.

trata n fabrikat, djant s lqanat ittwaṣnnℇn

Ɣar warni uhdam n tsirt n warn di miyaruns, ar mani scmḍn karlistas manliw di 1839, bab n fabrika di bik rafayil bujit, i d yusin ad issxdm fabrika n kan barula, isƔa timura d rḥqq n waman zi bab n tsirt fransisk mitjafila. bujit d imcrac nns, anṭuni bayiksiras zi bik d salfadur junkadilla zi barsiluna, bnan maci Ɣir ijj n fabrika, bnan trata, dg uḥzrur anggaru n ubrid bindril.

06

ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵡⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵇ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ. ⵣⴳ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⴼⵃⵎ, ⵔⵅⵅⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ.

lmunawib n trisinti

s usmuni n ddinamu akd lmiḥwar n wannaḍ n turbinat, idwr izmmar ad yiri usufƔ n ttadffuq n trisinti. zg ubddu n rqan n jjdid, dwrn waman ttmḥizwarn akd rfḥm, rxxu s trisinti.

07

ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ

ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ, ⵔⴽⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⵍⵎⵏⵙⵓⵊⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴽⵉⴼ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵛⵃⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵙⴱⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵍⴻⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ. ⴱⵔⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵊⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵛⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ 18, ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⵄⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵅⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵍⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⴷⵉ ⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵡⵊⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ.

qbr i fabrika

rxdmt n uṣnnℇ Ɣars amzruy d azirar di katalunya. taḍuft, rkttan, lmnsujat n rkif, tuƔa xddmn tnt cḥar uya, ttwaḥsbnt d lmntujat n nnasij leasasiya. bra rxdmt n ttijara i tuƔa idjan di dcurat d tnddam, di rqan n 18, tmmarni rxdmt tℇna di tudrin n rkambu, Ɣar daxr n lbaladiya, am di usuna, idi djan inni isswjadn taḍuft d isbbabn.

08

ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵡⵊⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ. ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴱⵔⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ

ⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴽⵙⵉ. ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵍⵎⵏⵙⵓⵊⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵙⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵊⵏ ⵉⵙⵄⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⵚⵚⵉⵏ. ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵡⵊⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼ, ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉ ⴷ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ.

wnni isswjadn taḍuft. bab n fabrika bra fabrika

asbbab a, tuƔa d ntta ittawin taḍuft Ɣar ttayarat imẓyann d ixddamn ixddmn zi tudrin, ḥma Ɣir ad twjd ad tt iksi. Ɣaliban, tuƔa iznuza lmnsujat di rswaq iggʷjn isℇddu tnt i isbbabn lmxtṣṣin. wnni isswjadn taḍuft, ittizwar i wi ittṣnnaℇn ṛqṭn, issadaf, qbr i d Ɣa iban ssistim n fabrika, aṭṭaṣ n ubddr jawhari di nniḍam n rxdmt.

09

ⴰⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ

ⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ 18, ⴰⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉ ⴷ ⵖⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴷⵏ.

anƔad di tudrin

ar unggaru n rqan n 18, anƔad di tudrin tuƔa ittℇawan aṭṭaṣ n twacunin n rkambu di tudrt nnsnt. qbr i d Ɣa bannt macinat timzwura n ufus, tuƔa d timƔarin inƔƔdn.

10

ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ

ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊⴰⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19. ⵔⵅⴷⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵊⵊⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵕⴰⵚ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ. ⴷⵉ 1802, ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵉⵙⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵅⵔⵇⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵡⵜ. ⴷⵉ 1816 ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵜⴰ.

ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵕⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵉⵊⵊⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵇⵙ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵏⵄⴰⵛⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴷⵊⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ, ⵔⵅⴷⵏⵏⵉ, ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ 1860 ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵓⴱⵔⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ.

fabrika

fabrika, d ijj n lℇimara idi idja uṣnnℇ n lmntujat, ur d tbin di il tir ar ttulut amzwaru zi rqan 19. rxdnni i idwr bab n ccarika n jjdid dg umcan n wnni iswjjadn taḍuft aqdim, ar mani i d iban ittxṣṣa ad immarni ṛaṣ lmal. di 1802, di manliw tuƔa din trata n fabrikat n ṛqṭn isxddamn macinat n ufus xrqnt s tfrwt. di 1816 mmarnint, dwrnt d stta.

ttamṛkuẓ n rxdmt di fabrikat, ijja bab n fabrika ad issnqs zi tnℇacin n uxdjṣ d usiwḍ, rxdnni, di rwqt d amẓyan, mmarnint lmntujat s macinat idwrn xddmnt s jjhd n waman. di amnni 1860 fabrika n yiƔẓaṛ di lubrigat d il tir, tdwl d nttat d tamzwarut di ttṣniℇ di katalunya.

11

ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉⴽⴰⵎⴱⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵔⴰⵢⴼⵉⵢⵏ, ⵔⵅⵅⵓ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ

ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵅ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⴱⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵅⵚⵚⵓⵚ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵓⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵊⵉⵔ. ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵙⵃⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴼⵀⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ, ⵉ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵃⴽⴽⵎⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ.

qbr ikambiwn d iḥrayfiyn, rxxu ixddamn

ssistim n jjdid n fabrikat iffƔ x tudart n ixddamn aṭṭaṣ n rsnin. s ssibbt n rxdmt s usiƔi d ttaxṣṣuṣ, idwr uxddam ur idji n yixf nns, idwr d leajir. ussan izirarn iqsḥn n rxdmt bddrn ura d lmfhum n rwqt, i days iḥkkmn lmntujat ittwaṣnnℇn n jjdid.

12

ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⵊⵉⴷ

ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵕⵓⴹ, ⵉⵄⴷⵓ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵜⵛⵓⵇⵇⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵚⴱⵃⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ : ⵉⵀⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⵚⴱⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵕⵅⵚ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵛⵛⵓⵕⵓⵟ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵚⵚⵃⵃⵜ, ⵉⵃⵟⵟⴰ ⵔⵃⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴼⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ, ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵡⵚⵟ ⵏ ⵕⵇⴰⵏ 19, ⵜⵄⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ.

ṛqṭn ajdjid

dg waṛṛuḍ, iℇdu ṛqṭn qqaℇ tcuqqt idjan. s minzi d ntta iṣbḥn maṛṛa : ihwn usxdm nns, d wṣbaƔ nns, taṛxṣ lmadda tamzwarut, days ccuṛuṭ n tazdugi d ṣṣḥḥt, iḥṭṭa rḥmu n ddat, ishwwan anffs nns. s uynni maṛṛa, tmmarni ṣṣnℇt nns aṭṭaṣ di ṛwṣṭ n ṛqan 19, tℇdu tnni n tḍuft.

13

ⵍⴻⴰⵍⵢⴰⴼ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵔⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵊ

ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵄ ⵜⵇⵍⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵖⵎⵎⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵅ ⵛⵉⴱⵀ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵡⴰⵉ. ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 18, ⵜⵛⵓⵇⵇⵜ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵣⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵇ ⵍⴻⴰⵡⵚⴰⵟ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵀⵏⴷ. ⵣⴳ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1790, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⴷ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ.

lealyaf i d yusin zi raggʷaj

ṛqṭn d arbiℇ tqlidi iƔmmi di lmunax cibh listiwai. di rqan 18, tcuqqt idi idja ṛqṭn tuƔa ttas d zi ccarq leawṣaṭ, niƔ zi rhnd. zg ubddu n usggʷas n 1790, ar mani id tssidf katalunya anƔad, aṭṭaṣ n ṛqṭn yus d zg umarikan d miṣṛa.

14

ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⵉⵏ

ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵍⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵛⵜ, ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵍⴻⵉⵏⵜⴰⵊ

ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵙ, ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⵜⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⵢⵎ, ⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰ. ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵛⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵏⵜⴰⵊ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵏⵢⴰⵜ.

macina, ur ittbddin

tbddr macina liqṭiṣad n ddunct, imƔar aṭṭaṣ leintaj

nttaf di fabrika macinat d ixddamn. dg imucan n jjdid n fabrikat, ad yiri lmntuj imƔar aṭṭaṣ. amzwaru, s macinat n ufus, marka n jini tagranzit, am birgadana. Ɣar warnas, leistiƔlal n jjhd n waman, s wutr friym, muli jini d silfaktina. iryazn d tmƔarin carcn di rxdmt i d itticcn leintaj, tuƔa xddmn s drus n ttmnyat.

15

ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ

ⵙ ⴱⵓⵟⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ, ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴽⴽ. ⴰⵄⴱⴱⵥ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵛ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵉ ⴱⵉⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍ ⴻⵓⵚⵟⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ. ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ, ⵉⵄⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰ.

kaṛḍa sirra

s buṭa d tcabunis n kaṛḍa, ṛqṭn ittwannḍn ittwafkk. aℇbbẓ n naba ittic ijj n fuṛma n sinta i bilu n ṛqṭn innḍn s tnayn n leuṣṭuwanat n wufuƔ. mn bℇd, iℇddu Ɣar manwar d mitcira.

16

ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ

ⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⴰⵔ ⵄⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰⵙ. ⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴹ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ. ⵍⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴼⵓⵕⵎⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴻⴰⵍⵢⴰⴼ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴰⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⴽⵉⵍ.

mitcira sirra

bita ittffƔn zi manwar ℇddun Ɣar mitciras. bita iddakkʷarn d mitca ittwannḍ drus. lhadaf n mana a ad tiri fuṛma Ɣar lealyaf ḥma ad ttwasarrḥn bla lmacakil.

17

ⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ  ⵎⵓⵍⵉ-ⵊⵉⵏⵉ » ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵛ ⴷ 585 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 810. ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19, ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 1620 : ⴷⴷⵓⴱⵍ.

mara ijj n muli-jini » tettic d 585 kilugram n ifiran dg usggʷas, silfaktina tettawḍ ar 810. kuntinuwa n unƔad, dg unggaru n rqan 19, tiwḍ ar 1620 : ddubl.

18

ⵍⵎⵖⵣⵍ

ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴽⴰⵥⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵣⵍ. ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵛⵖⵔ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵜⵙⴱⵢⵢⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⴱⵄⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ. ⵣⵉ 1885, ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ ⵜⵄⵡⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⴰⵔⵔⴰⵃ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵏⴹ.

ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵛⴰⵔⵛⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⵓⵍⵉ-ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵙ, ⴱⵉⵔⴳⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰⵙ. ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵄⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵅⴷⵊⴰⵚⵏⵜ ⵇⵍⵍ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ.

ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵣⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ, ⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵄⴰⵍⵊ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⵅⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ: ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⴰⵊ, ⵉ ⵓⵚⴱⴰⵖ, ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ…

lmƔzl

lℇamaliya lmaṛkaẓiya n ṛqṭn tettiri di lmƔzl. macinat n unƔad tsscƔr ixddamn, tsbyyn leabℇad n fabrika. zi 1885, kuntinuwa tℇwwḍ macinat nniḍnt n unƔad s rxdmt nns isiƔin, ixs ad yini di rwqt d ijj tettsarraḥ tettnnḍ.

di rqan 19 rxdmt n unƔad tuƔa carcn days iryazn d tmƔarin, b ḍḍbṭ xminni tettiri s muli-jinis, birgadanas d silfaktinas. adaf ijhdn n kuntinuwas Ɣar unggaru n rqan, yiwi d ijj n tmarniwt tℇna n lyad lℇamila n tmƔarin, tuƔa txdjaṣnt qll zg aryazn, s uynni ikkar umnƔi imƔar jar iwdan di lḥawḍ n il tir.

xminni i d ittffƔ zi kuntinuwa, firu ittwaℇalj s yijj n ssilsila n macinat ℇla ḥsab mamc xsn ad yiri: i unsaj, i uṣbaƔ, i usufƔ n isƔwan…

ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ ⴽⵓⵚⵟⴰ & ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ

ⵙ ⵍⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵅ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴰⵃⵉⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⵎⵙⵜⴰⵎⵎⵔ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵔⵃ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ.

ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ ⴽⵓⵚⵟⴰ & ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ 1907.

kuntinuwa kuṣṭa & sirra

s lxilaf n silfaktina ittggn rxdmt n unƔad x tnayn n lmaṛaḥil, ittiri Ɣar kuntinuwa ijj n ufiru mstammr zi lmjmuℇa n usarrḥ tetticc as ijj n wannaḍ d jjdid i ufiru.

kuntinuwa kuṣṭa & sirra tettwaṣnnℇ di manliw di 1907.

19

ⴰⵙⴱⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ

ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⵉⵚⴱⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⴷⴷⵓⴱⵍⴰⵔⴰ, ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉ, ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴹⵉ ⵜⵏ.

asbi i wannaḍ

ḥma ad ƔarnƔ iri ijj n ufiru iṣbbaṛ nzmmar ad nsmun tnayn niƔ trata zg ixfawn. Ɣar umzwaru ixṣṣa ad ttwamunn dg yijj n macina ddublara, xminni i Ɣa munn s ttawazi, kuntinuwa n wannaḍ tettnḍi tn.

20

ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⴰⵜ

ⴷⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ, ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵕⵏ, ⵄⵍⴰ ⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵚⴱⴰⵖ, ⵍⵃⵉⵢⴰⴽⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵊ, ⴰⵚⵉⵡⴹ… ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ, ⵉⵄⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵃ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰ.

ⴰⵄⴱⴱⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵉⵏ

ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵅⴷⵊⵇⵏⵜ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴷⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴱⴱⵥ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏ. ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵟⵡⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵚⴱⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⴱⵖ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴹⵚ.

macina i uℇmmar n lbakrat

di lℇamaliya ittirin zg waṭṭaf n ufiru ar wawaḍ Ɣar nnasij, ittbddar ufiru ssanad aṭṭaṣ n imuṛn, ℇla ḥsab rxdmt nns: ma i uṣbaƔ, lḥiyaka, nnasj, aṣiwḍ… rxdmt n macina a tettiri i ubddr n ssanad n ufiru, iℇddun zi tcurt Ɣar lbakra ḥma ad iṛaḥ Ɣar ssada.

aℇbbẓ n tcurin

ijj n lxayar nniḍn, xdjqnt tcurin s ufiru ittwanƔdn. macina n uℇbbẓ tsmun di tcurin aṭṭaṣ n ifiran. qbr i Ɣa ṭwwaṛn aṣbaƔ, ittwaṣbƔ ufiru am idja di tcurt s ssistim aqdim n usƔḍṣ.

21

ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ

ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵄⴰⵛⵉⵏ ⵅ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵙ ⴰⵕⵕⵅⴰ. ⵍⴻⴰⵅⵟⴰⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵖⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵄⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵎⴰⵄⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵛⵉⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ. ⵙ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴷⵊⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵜⴰⵕⵅⵚ , ⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵅⵚ, ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵅⵓⵎⴱⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ.

at bab n ccarikat

bab n ccarika ixṣṣa ad issars tinℇacin x fabrika, ku twara ad iℇddr mliḥ macinat ḥma ad yarni di lmntuj ad izznz s aṛṛxa. leaxṭaṛ ittirin di lmuƔamara a jjin aṭṭaṣ zzaysn ad mℇawann, iban d mana a di rxdmt n jjmaℇt i d iwcin lqanat ṣṣinaℇiya. s lmuwazat tuƔa tdja ṭṭaqa aṭṭaṣ taṛxṣ , rmunt n ixddamn taṛxṣ, drus n imxumbar i tuƔa idjan jar iwdan, mana a ijja ttwajar n barsiluna d bik ad zdƔn di manliw.

22

ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵕⴽⵓⵥ ⵔⵔⴰⴻⵙⵎⴰⵍⵉ

ⵊⴰⵔ 1850 ⴷ 1875 ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵓⵄⵓⵔⵔⵛ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ. ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵅⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ. ⵉⵏⴰ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵃⵓⵣⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵓⵛⴰ ⵙⵏⵇⵙⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵃⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵊ.

ttamṛkuẓ rraesmali

jar 1850 d 1875 iban d dƔya uℇurrc n ṣṣnℇt. dg isggʷasn a, ttwazmmemn aṭṭaṣ n at bab n fabrikat di manliw, immarni rxar n yinni i tuƔa idjan. ina ggin ccarikat isḥuzn dƔya at bab n fabrikat imẓyann, idwrn dƔya d ixddamn, uca snqsn rxdmt ittirin di tudrin, iḥddn zi lℇamaliya n nnasj.

23

ⵔⴼⵃⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ

ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵇⵚ ⵔⴼⵃⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵔⴼⵡⴰⵔ. ⵔⴼⵃⵎ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ.

ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵔⵉⵔ ⵔⴼⵃⵎ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⵍⴻⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵅ ⵔⴼⵃⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵔⵔⵓⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵙⴰ. ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵣⵉ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵉⵔⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵊⵓⵡⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⵙ, ⵉⴽⵎⵔ ⴷⵉ 1880. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴼⵃⵎ ⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵛⵉ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⵊⴰⵏ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵊⴰⵡⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵀⵡⴰ, ⵉⵙⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵣⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵚⵓⵟ ⴷ ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⵏⵏⵊ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵃⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⵄⵜ.

rfḥm d ubrid n macina

ar mani inqṣ rfḥm di katalunya, ttwasxdmn waman i macina n rfwar. rfḥm n galis d inglatirra ittiƔra mƔar ad yawḍ katalunya.

ar mani d uqrir rfḥm lmaḥalli iwca leamal x rfḥm n surruka d ugasa. ḥma ad t ssiwḍn bnan abrid n macina zi granullirs ar sant juwan di lis abadisis, ikmr di 1880. waxxa amnni rfḥm a war iwci min rajan, minzi tuƔa iƔra usufƔ nns, ljawda nns thwa, isshwn ttran asiwḍ n nnasij zi il tir amrwaṣuṭ d wnni snnj, ar mani ḥssnn dg usiwḍ n ṛqṭn d nnasij d ssrℇt.

24

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⴰ

ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⴱⴷ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵛⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ, ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⴰⵟⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵙⴰⴽⴰⴱⵔⴰ. ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ 1991 ⵖⴰⵔ 5823, ⵊⴰⵔ 1842 ⴷ 1900. ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ, ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵜ, ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⴷⵉ 1883, ⵍⵎⴹⵀⵕ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴹⴰⴼⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⴼⴷⵊⴰⵃⵜ.

tamarniwt n iwdan d lḥaḍaṛa

rxdmt di fabrikat tjbd d Ɣars aṭṭaṣ n ixddamn n ddcurat yudsn, b ḍḍbṭ lmanaṭiq n il lusanis d kulsakabra. di manliw iwdan mmarnin zi 1991 Ɣar 5823, jar 1842 d 1900. di lminṭaqa ḥma ad days awḍn iwdan n jjdid i d yusin urzzun rxdmt, mmarnint tudrin di bisawat, mmutyn iwdan Ɣar ibridn ittwaṛẓmn zzati iƔẓaṛ n tir. di 1883, lmḍhṛ n manliw tuƔa t ḥaḍaṛi waxxa tqqim amnni tḍaffaṛ tafdjaḥt.

25

ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ

ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵉⵙⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ. ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵡⵜ. ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵙⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19.

ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴷⵉ 1860 : ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ « ⴳⵓⵜ ⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⴽⵙⵉⵙ » ⵏⵏⴰⵡⵄ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ, ⵜⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵉⵜⵜ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵏⴰ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵊⵓⵏⵓⵢ, ⴱⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵢⵢⴰ. ⵍⴼⴰⵢⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ 1940 ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⵊ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ, ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜ ⵄⴷⵔⵏ ⴷⵉ 2007, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵃⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ 1963. ⵔⵅⵅⵓ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ.

ⵜⵙⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ, ⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴼⵓⵇⴰⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ.

turbina, ur n fabrika

tuƔa turbinat n waman d rḥwayj isxddamn ḥma ad yiri jjhd ittxṣṣan i macinat n unƔad. mn bℇd ḥma ad d ssufƔn tfawt. turbinat a dwrnt dg umcan n tjarrarin n waman i tuƔa sxddamn ar mani i d yudf rqan 19.

di kan sanglas ssarsn ict zi turbinat n waman timzwura di lḥawḍ n il tir di 1860 : ijj n turbina « gut a birksis » nnawℇ n funtin itticcn ijj n jjhd n 12 n isardan, tṣnnℇ itt ccarika n jiruna blanas, junuy, barni d siyya. lfayaḍan n 1940 itarrj lqanat n wadaf, tdwr turbina war txddm ar mani itt ℇdrn di 2007, waxxa tuƔa ḥawln ad tt sxdmn di 1963. rxxu turbina ttwasxdm ḥma ad tẓaṛn ad tssnn waha.

tsxddam turbina, s ssistim n usiwḍ, macinat di tnayn n rfuqawat idjan di fabrika.

26

ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ

ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔⴰ « ⴳⵓⵜ ⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⴽⵙⵉⵙ », ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⵢⵉⴼ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⵃⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵜⴰⴹⵎⵉⵏ. ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵇⵇ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵃⴷⴰⵊⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⴷⵎ, ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴹⴹⴰⵖⵟ ⵎⵃⴷⴷⴻⴷ, ⵓⵛⴰ , ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵉⵏ. ⵄⵍⴰ ⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵍⴽⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵇⵓⵜⵛⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ (1) ⵙ ⵍⴻⵓⵚⵟⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⵜ (2) ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼⵙⵙⵢⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵍⴷ(3) ⵉⵇⵟⵟⵄⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵄⴷⵓⵏ. ⵜⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⴷⴰ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵏⴰ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵊⵓⵏⵓⵢ, ⴱⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵢⵢⴰ. ⵊⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1855 ⴷ 1918, ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵍⵎⴽⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵄⵎⵎⴷ ⵅ ⵎⵓⴹⵉⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵄⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ, ⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵓⴱⵔⵉⴳⴰⵜ.

turbina funtin

turbina funtin, tettwaṣnnℇ di fṛanṣa, qqarn as ura « gut a birksis », d turbina i Ɣa idja ttkyif akd iƔẓṛan n rbḥar acmrar war idjin mntaḍmin. Ɣars min ittnḍḍamn adaf n waman ℇla ḥsab ttadffuqq nnsn. tettḥdaja turbina, ḥma ad txdm, ad Ɣars yiri ijj n ḍḍaƔṭ mḥdded, uca , ad yiri ijj n lqadr d amẓyan n waman war tbddin. ℇla ḥsab lkimmiya n waman idjan, izmmr ad yiri uṛẓam niƔ abllℇ n wadaf n waman Ɣar qutciyyat (1) s leuṣṭuwanat (2) xminni dduran, ttnnḍn niƔ fssyn ijj n sinta n jjld(3) iqṭṭℇn niƔ ittjjan aman ad ℇdun. tṣnnƐ turbinat a s midida ccarika n jiruna blanas, junuy, barni d siyya. jar usggwas n 1855 d 1918, tdwr lmknana n ṣṣnƐt n ṛqṭn s uƐmmd xf muḍilu n fabrika n yiƔẓaṛ d lmustƐmara ṣṣinaƐiya, ra di il tir ra di lubrigat.

27

ⵉⵎⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵙ, ⵍⵊⵉⵀⴰⵣ ⵍⵄⴰⵚⴰⴱⵉ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ

ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵙ. ⴽⵓ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵇⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴱⵙⴰⵟⵉⵏ. ⵙⵙⵛⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ. ⴰⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⴰⴼⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵙⴻⵓⵍⵉⵏ. ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵙⴰⵇⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵅⴰⴼⵙⵏ.

ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵅ ⵉⵎⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵙ, ⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵓⵔ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵟⴱⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵡⵜ.

ⵉⵎⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ (ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ) (1)

ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵇⴹⵉⴱ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵏⴹ, ⵜⵚⴱⴱⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴼⵔⵖ ⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴹⴼⴰⵚ. ⵏⵓⵇⵇⵉⴱ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵣⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵡⵉⵔ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴱⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⴰⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ, ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵓⵜ.

ⴰⵔⴱⵔⵉ (2)

ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵓⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ.

ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ (3)

ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵚⵟⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵇⵓⵟⵕ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⵜⵏⵏⴹ ⵅ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵜⵜⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵀⵏⴷⴰⵙⵉ . ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵀⴰⵔⵛⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴹⵏ ⵡⵃⴷⵙ ⵅ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵔⵙⵇ. ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵏⴹ ⵅ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵚⵓⵟ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵡⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴱⴱⵥ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ. ⵛⵛⴽⵍ ⵉⵎⵢⵢⵔⵏ ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵇⴰⵡⵙ ⵍⵎⵅⵕⵓⵟⵉ.

ⴹⴰⵡ (4)

ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⴽⴰⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵃⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴹⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵚⵉⵍ . ⵍⵎⵃⵎⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵎⵄⴷⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵅⴰⴼⵙ ⵓⵄⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵕⴰ, ⵙⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵛⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ. ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵅⵅⵓ ⴳⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵍⴽⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵀⵡⵏ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⵛⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴼⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵔⵔⵉⴳⴰⵜ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵟⵉⵕⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵃⵃⵎ ⵍⵎⵙⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵅⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵊ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵔⵎⵄⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⵜⵛⵛⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜ, ⵜⵜⵊⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴰⵎ. ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⵃⴷⴰⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵛⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ.

ⴷⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ (5)

ⵍⵎⵃⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵄⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴽⴽⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵕⵓⵏⴹⵓ, ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵄⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⵍ.

ⴽⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰ (6)

ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⴷⴷⴰⵄⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵎⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ. ⵜⵔⴰⵡ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵓⵇⵇⵉⴱⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⴽⴽⵥ ⵍⵎⵃⵎⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ.

ⴰⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⴰⴷⵉ (7)

ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵉⵇⴰ ⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴹⵉⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵚⵉⵍ.

ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵔⵜ (8)

ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵎⵙⵔⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 90º. ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵇⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵎⵄⴷⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵡⵜ.

ⴰⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎ (9)

ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⴽ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰ. ⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵎⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎ ⵉⵛⴷⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵜⵜⴽⴽⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⴻⵓⵚⵟⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵅⵕⵓⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⴽⵯⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ. ⵍⴰⴼⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵡⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵙⵇ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏ.

ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴳⴰ (10)

ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴹⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⵚⵉⵍ. ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵜⴱⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵃⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴱⴱⵥ.

ⵍⵉⵎⴱⵔⴰⵄⵉ (11)

ⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⵀⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵏⴰⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵇ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴹⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵚⵉⵍ. ⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⴽⵙⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵙ ⵉⵚⵟⵟⵃ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵏⴼⴼⵄ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵙⵇ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵔⴼⵡⴰⵔ.

ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ (12)

ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵚⵉⵍ ⵉⵚⵟⵟⵃⵏ ⵣⵉ 0º ⴰⵔ 90º. ⴰⵙⵔⵙⵇ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵇⴰⵔⵔⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ.

ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵉⵢⵓ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⵀⴰⵢⴰ (13)

ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⵊⵀⴰ ⵙ 90º ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵚⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵔⵄⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ.

ⴽⵍⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰ (14)

ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵇ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵜ. ⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵇⵇⵜ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴽⵍⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰ. ⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵍⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴰⵕⵥⴰⵎ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰ ⵍⴼⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵎⵓⵇⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵓⵕⵊⵎ, ⵏⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ, ⵏⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵢⵢⵔ.

imbarrats, ljihaz lℇaṣabi n fabrika

jjhd n waman smuttuyn aman zi turbina Ɣar macinat n fabrika s ssistim n usmutti amikaniki imƔar qqarn as imbarrats. ku fabrika tuƔa Ɣars imbarrats nns imma daysn ttℇqidat niƔ bsaṭin. sscannt rbda tiƔist n itiqniyn d imikanikutn n fabrikat. asxdm nnsnt d uḥṭṭu nnsn tuƔa tn asasiyyin, tuƔa xafsnt lmseulin. bu turbina d wnni isrssaqn, tuƔa tbdd rxdmt n fabrika xafsn.

ar mani i d arrin ttuṛat ṣṣinaℇi ur tuƔa dinni bu ca n ṭṭalab imƔar x imbarrats, s lℇaks n macinat i zzaysn ixddmn, aṭṭaṣ ur qqimn Ɣar warni ar mani i d tban tfawt d ttṭbiq n macinat ixddmn s imuṭuṛn n tfawt.

imbarrat (niƔ lmiḥwar) (1)

byisa tgga am uqḍib, ittiri ittnnḍ, tṣbbaṛ i unfrƔ ura i unḍfaṣ. nuqqib idjan dg uzyn n lbakara niƔ tajarrart idjan di lmaḥawir, ḥma ad tbbtn s ṣṣamula lbakara niƔ tajarrat days tiƔmas, qqarn as kul di gut.

arbri (2)

di imbarrats tuƔa t d lmiḥwar lℇamudi d leasasi n lmjmuℇa.

lbakara (3)

d leuṣṭuwana Ɣars lquṭṛ d amẓyan, tnnḍ x lmiḥwar muttaḥid lmṛkẓ akd lmiḥwar nns lhndasi . lbakara d tabuharct niƔ tmmut d nttat ittnḍn wḥds x lmiḥwar mani trsq. lbakara wis tnayn tettnnḍ x lℇamud. amcan amrwaṣuṭ n lbakara ittawḍn nican Ɣar lmaḥawir s uℇbbẓ d buṭun n lbakara. cckl imyyrn cway Ɣar baṛṛa n lbakarat d lqaws lmxṛuṭi.

ḍaw (4)

d ijj n lmjmuℇa days lkarkas d lmḥml n uqḍib n ttawṣil . lmḥml d byisa n rmℇdn niƔ n tfrwt ittiri xafs uℇmud niƔ lmiḥwar n ḍḍuṛa, sskka d ca nniḍn. lmaḥamil n rxxu ggint am lkura ihwn ḥṭṭu nnsnt. cḥal uya tanqqiḍt a tuƔa days lḥasasiya i fabrikat. tagrict war d yusin tettawi Ɣar lfacal ittwassnn s infarrigat. ijj n lmaṭiṛyal n ucḥḥm lmstamrr n lmaḥamil d lxzzan n zzaj niƔ n rmℇdn ism nnst ksatil ttccuran t, ttjddadn t s nniḍam. fabrikat ttḥdajant aṭṭaṣ n zzct ku ass.

dinirit n turbina (5)

lmḥml n ddaℇm n lmiḥwar Ɣars amcan n uḥkki d arriṛunḍu, ittℇawan Ɣar uℇarni n turbina d lmiḥwar lℇamudi n nnaql.

kadirita (6)

byisa n wuzzar tga am ddaℇama n ḍaw n lmḥml niƔ n lmiḥwar n usmutti. traw kulis d tnuqqibt ittwaṣnnℇn di kadiritis ḥma ad iṛkkẓ lmḥml dg umcan nns nican n rxdmt.

aℇawd n usqadi (7)

ṭṭaṛiqa a qqarn as itiqniyn n fabikat lmjmuℇa n lbakarat d iḥzzamn ibddrn abrid n lḥaraka n iqḍibn n ttawṣil.

binyun n tƔmart (8)

ijj n lmjmuℇa n binyunis msrqant s 90º. tiƔmas n binyun d byisat issrsaqn tijarrarin. zmmarnt ad irint n rmℇdn niƔ n wuzzar days kula niƔ n tfrwt.

aḥzzam (9)

d lbanda niƔ d sinta n ccark niƔ ca n lmadda am ta. nqqar as aḥzzam war ittkmmirn mara ca n uḥzzam icdd s ixfawn, ttkkn zg tnayn n lbakarat niƔ leuṣṭuwanat niƔ mxṛuṭayn ssakkʷaḍn lḥaraka zg yijj Ɣar wnniḍn. lafwat ittiri s uℇdar n tmwwa n uḥzzam ḥma ad irsq mliḥ. tuƔa qqarn as i kula ittwasxdmn kula n usardun.

maniga (10)

byisa tettwag i usmuni n lmiḥwar n uqḍib n ttwṣil. lℇamaliya n maniga tettiri s utbbt n yijj n lmiḥwar Ɣar lbakara niƔ tajarrart Ɣars tiƔmas s uℇbbẓ.

limbraℇi (11)

d ljihaz amikinaki n uḥkki issrsaq jar tnayn n lqiṭaℇat n nnaqil n lḥaraka n uqḍib n ttawṣil. magrana n kuniksyun d ttirs iṣṭṭḥ Ɣars tiƔmas. inffℇ dg usrsq n turbina Ɣar macina n rfwar.

tijarrarin daysnt tiƔmas (12)

binyun n ttawṣil iṣṭṭḥn zi 0º ar 90º. asrsq ittiri s uqarrb n tnayn n tjarrarin Ɣarsnt tiƔmas ḥma lḥaraka ad tiri mliḥ.

turniyu bla nnihaya (13)

binyun n ubddr n lwijha s 90º n ttawṣil s usnqs n ssurℇa s waṭṭaṣ.

klabita (14)

byisa tssrsaq lmaḥawir n tjarrart i Ɣa idja tiƔmas, tijarrarin n tƔmart niƔ lbakarat. la intalla d ccqqt idi tettadf klabita. il nas n klabita d amcan n baṛṛa izi tettnaṛẓam.

ijj n lqism d amqran zg yism a lfanni ittwasmma dg umcan nni di fabrikat ku ass, war Ɣars lmuqabil dg irs asbanyu. ar mani war nzmmar ad t ntuṛjm, njja awar nni amnni, nura t imyyr.

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ⵜⵜⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵔⵏ : ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ

ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔⵔⵓⴱⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⵔⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ 1875 ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎ. ⵍⵎⵜⵃⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵔⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵔⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓ, ⵉⵚⵓⵏⵉ ⵜ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵛⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵢⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⴰⴱⵉ.

ttuṛat id idwrn : fabrika n tḍuft dg udrar

fabrika n bilarrubla di martinit, di la sirdanya, tuƔa Ɣars kaṛḍas ttwaggnt di 1875 di tndint tafransist n rim. lmtḥf n il tir yarr d ttuṛat a ittmyyazn ṣṣinaℇa di rkambu, iṣuni t. tuƔa tettṣnnaℇ fabrika ticurin n tḍuft, ittwaggn dg usujd n imayyar d zzrabi.

29

ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵡⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵛⴰⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⴷⵊⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ : ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⴷⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵅ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ (ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵇⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ), ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵎⵓⴹⵉⵕⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ.

dinni tnayn n lℇawamil carrḥn maymmi tdja ṣṣinaℇa a n udrar : radas n lmawadd leawwaliya d ṭṭalab ittirin x rḥwayj n tḍuft icnan. s lmawarid leasasiya i Ɣarsnt (taḍuft d waman iggin am tara n ṭṭaqa, s tjarrarin n waman), ddarnt fabrikat a idjan dg idurar, munnt akd fabrikat muḍiṛnat idjan di tnditn d iƔẓṛan, ar ass a.

30

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵔⴱⵀⴰⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵅ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵏ. ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵖ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵣⴰⵖ, ⵜⵄⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴼⵜⵜⴰⵃⴰ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵀⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵍⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵜⵏ, ⵅⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⵕⴰⵃⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴹⵢⴰⴱⵍⵓ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴼⴰⵕⵕⵇⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ, ⵙⵙⴰⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵜⵜ. ⵣⵉ ⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴰⵃⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵣⵉ ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰ, ⵍⴻⴰⵍⵢⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵊⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵓ.

tettawḍ d tḍuft i d ttkksn zi rbhaym n idurar twssx Ɣar fabrika. s uynni ixṣṣa ad tt ssirdn. xminni ittazƔ dg umcan n razaƔ, tℇddu Ɣar lfttaḥa, mani ssnhzzan lealyaf aṛẓmn tn, xnni ttṛaḥn Ɣar ḍyablu, mani faṛṛqn taḍuft, ssazaƔn tt. zi ssa ttawin tt Ɣar trata n lmaṛaḥil n ukṛaḍ. xminni i d tettffƔ zi kaṛḍa mitcira, lealyaf n tḍuft ttirin wjdn ad awḍn Ɣar silfaktina mani iddakkʷarn d firu.

31

ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵅⴰⵟⴰⵕ

ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵖⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵅⴰⵟⴰⵕ; ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⴱⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵍⴼⴰⵢⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ. ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵎⵄⵕⵕⴹⵉⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵅⴰⵟⵉⵕ ⴰ.

tudart di lxaṭaṛ

aṭṭaṣ imurn, rxdmt di fabrikat idjan x iƔẓṛan ittiri days lxaṭaṛ; Ɣars lℇalaqa akd rxdmt di macinat, s ssibbt n ucmmuḍ, niƔ s lfayaḍanat ku twara. ixddamn d nitni i tuƔa mℇṛṛḍin ktar i lmaxaṭiṛ a.

32

ⵜⵉⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ

ⵍⵎⴽⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵜⵛⵏⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴱⵏⴰⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ. ⵍⴽⵉⵎⵎⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ « ⴹⵢⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙ » ⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵀⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵅⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵣⵣⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵡⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵡⵉⴹ ⵙ ⵙⵙⴱⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵚⵉⴹⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵄⴹⴱ.

tiƔmas n macina

lmknana di fabrikat tgga ijj n lℇalaqa tcna jar bnadm d macina. lkimmiya tamqrant n iḥzzamn, d lbakarat d binyunis ittbann d rxdmt di « ḍyablus » d kaṛḍas ittwadrn s imsmirn ittnhzzan, arni xas ussan isnzzafn n rxdmt d lwfra n iḥnjirn imẓyann ixddmn, tuƔa tticcnt fabrikat aṭṭaṣ n ttℇwiḍ s ssbbt n lakṣiḍat d unℇḍb.

33

ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵃⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ

ⴷⵉ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵃⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ, ⴷⵛⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵎⵡⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵀⵣⵣⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵔⵃⵎⵔⵜ ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ.

xminni iḥmmr iƔẓaṛ

di ca n twaratin, iḥmmr iƔẓaṛ aṭṭaṣ. s uynni, dcurat idjan x tmwwa nns d fabrikat ittbrubitcan zi jjhd nns, tetthzza tn rḥmrt xminni ittiri tamqrant.

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¡ⴰⵛⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ!

ⴽⵓ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵀⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ. ⴰⵄⵓⵔⵔⵛ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵖⴱ, ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵍⴻⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵚⵏⵄⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵡⵜ, ⵜⵜⵛⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵟⴰⵕ ⵎⵙⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵔⵃⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵣⵣⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵔⵓ.

¡acmmuḍ di fabrika!

ku twara, tuƔa timssi tetthudda fabrikat n nnasij. aℇurrc n zzƔb, n lmadda leasasiya d ifiran ittwaxdmn d waṭṭaṣ n rḥwayj ittwaṣnℇn s tfrwt, ttckkaln ijj n lxaṭaṛ mstamrr, ittmarni s rḥmu n lbakarat d iḥzzamn d imuṭuṛn d tarjt i d ittffƔn zi tƔmas n kaṛḍas niƔ n ugarru.

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ⵣⵉ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ

ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵄⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 20, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵏ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ. ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ, ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ.

ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⵃⵙⵏ ⵡⵃⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵢⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⵏⵏ. ⴱⵓ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⵉⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ, ⵅⵔⵇⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 20, ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ.

zi mikanikut Ɣar iṣnnaℇn n macinat

lqiṭaℇ n lmaℇadin akaṭalani ixrq imun akd ttṣniℇ n nnasij. aṭṭaṣ n ccarikat timikanikiyin iℇnan di rqan 20, tuƔa tnt dg umzwaru d ttayart n uℇdar d uṣnnℇ n rḥwayj n nnasij. d ijj n macina tettwasƔ dg isggʷusa imzwura n ttṣniℇ, di baṛṛa.

juzib sanglas d juzib sirra d nitni aḥsn wḥdin isbyyann lℇalaqa a imtnn. bu ṛqṭn d umikaniku iṣnnℇn kuntinuwas n unƔad, xrqn min tuƔa, ar isggʷusa n sttinat zi rqan 20, d ccarika tamzwarut n macina takatalanct n nnasij.

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ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵔⵇ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰ ⴷⵉ 1902, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ « ⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ » ⵣⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵢⵓ, ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⴽⵓⵚⵟⴰ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵄⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ. ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵄⴷⵓ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴷⵉ 1913 ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵕⴰⵚ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ. ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.

kan sirra

tettwaxrq ccarika a di 1902, ar mani « il manya » zi ṛuḍa di tir, juzib sirra siyu, icarc akd umikaniku kuṣṭa zi manliw. ttayar a tuƔa iℇddr dg isggʷusa imzwura macinat i ccarikat n nnasij dg umcan nni. tiƔist tatiqnit n sirra ur tzmmar ad tℇdu bla ma iẓṛi tt ijj n uryaz d miƔis am juzib sanglas alsina, di 1913 yiwi d ṛaṣ lmal ittxṣṣan ḥma ad igg ccarika a i war Ɣa idji ism. sirra, ittṣnnaℇn macinat n unƔad.

37

ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ

ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944 ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⴹⵉⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⵄⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵡⵍⴰ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵛⵛⴽ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵣⵉ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ.

imuṭuṛn sanglas

dg umzwaru n usggʷas n 1940, marti d tcabyir sanglas, tarwa n uryaz n ṣṣnℇt idjan zi manliw juzib sanglas i alsina, ggin ttayarat n sanglas ccarika war Ɣa idji ism ḥma ad ṣnnℇn imuṭuṛn. dg usggʷas n 1944 iban d muḍilu amzwaru n marka sanglas, idwrn d ijj n marka tℇna n ddwla. waxxa fabrika n imuṭuṛn tuƔa tt rbda di barsiluna, war din bu cck blli iẓuṛan nns zi manliw zi las sanglas.

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ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵕⴰⴽⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵔⵉⵢⵉⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ

ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷⵉ 1855 ⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵄⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ. ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵉⵛⵊⵊⵄ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1917 ⴰⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵍⵎⵙⴱⴽ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ. ⵣⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵏⵄⴰⵛ ⵙⴰⵏⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵢⵏ ⵓⵟⵓⵎⴰⵟⵉⴽⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵄⵕⵉⴹ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ 1929.

tilaris bṛakuns d riyira di ṛuḍa di tir

txrq ccarika di 1855 am ttayar n uℇdar n macina n nnasij. ttṣniℇ immarnin di lḥawḍ icjjℇ at bab nns ad bdan aṣnnℇ n macina. di 1917 aṛẓmn lmsbk mani ggin tilaris nnsn imzwura. zi fabrika a iffƔ d, Ɣar warni tnℇac sana, tilar amzwaru d azyn uṭumaṭiki, ittwagg di sbanya, ittwassn s lmidaliya n wurƔ di lmℇṛiḍ n ddunct di barsiluna di 1929.

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ⴼⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ

ⴷⵉ 1915, ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵍⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍ ⴱⵡⵉⴳ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵚⵃⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔ ⵕⵓⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵊ. ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵙⴱⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⵛⵉⴽ, ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵛ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵜⵓ, ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵍⵓ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄ , ⵉⵄⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⴽⵙⵉⵙⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ. ⴷⵉ 1922, ⵊⵓⵡⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⵍ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰ, ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⵣⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ. ⴼⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴻⵚ ⴷⴳ ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵙⴱⴰⴽ ⴰⵍⵜⴰⴼⴰⵊⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽ, ⴷⵉ 1935 ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵕⵎⴰⵚⵉ ⵙⵓⴽⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ.

fragwas dil tir

di 1915, iwdald karandil bwig icarcn akd ṣḥab manliw artur ṛuki d j. blanas, iṛẓm ijj n ttayar n mikaniku di ccariℇ n sant jawmi d ijj n lmsbk d amẓyan di sant marti tcik, zzati il tir. iwdald tuƔa imrc akd mariyya katala binitu, di ttayarat katala di turillu, tuƔa ittṣnnaℇ , iℇddr aksiswarat n tilaris. di 1922, juwakim karandill katala, amikaniku zi kan sirra, immarni Ɣar ttayarat. fragwas n il tir ittxṣṣeṣ dg byisat d ubddr n byisat n tilaris di ttayarat n manliw d lmsbak altafaja n bik, di 1935 ad immutti Ɣar ṛmaṣi sukri di manliw, yudsn lmaḥṭṭa n ubrid n macina.

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ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ. 1845-1935

ⴹⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⴼⵓⵕⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹ ⵔⵔⴰⴻⵙⵎⴰⵍⵉ, ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⵍⴻⴰⵛⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢ (ⵇⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⵄⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ, ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵛⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ), ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵅⵓⵎⴱⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴼⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵀⵣⵣⴰ, ⵉⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⵜⵜⵚⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵛⵜ, ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ.

lmujtamaℇ ṣṣinaℇi. 1845-1935

ḍḍuṛuf n jjdid, d fuṛmat n tudart d lmaℇica iqqnn Ɣar ssistim n jjdid n leiqṭiṣaḍ rraesmali, lmjmuℇat leijtimaℇiya n jjdid, lmacariℇ n ṣṣinaℇa n jjdid, leackal n jjdid n tmsmunin n ttaqafa d ssiyasa niƔ n iklusay (qurrut, ttajmmuℇat, nnaqabat, ttaℇaḍudiya, d ljamaℇat ddiniya, d ca nniḍn), iwin d akidsn imxumbar d jjdid. Ɣar unggaru iwca anƔ ijj n lmujtamaℇ d jjdid ittfarfar, ittnhzza, itbddar ku marra. ittban d di mamc ttṣṣniℇ ibddr ddunct, katalunya d manliw d lḥawḍ il tir.

41

ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ: ⵛⵛⵅⵚⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ

ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⵔⵇⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵡⵚⵟ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19, ⴷ ⴰⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉ, ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵅⵚⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵄⵏⴰⵏⵜ : ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵄⵄⴰⵎⵏ. ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴽⵡⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⴱⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ, ⴷⴷⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵇⴱⵔ.

ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵃⴽⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⵔⵢⴰⵣ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵀⴰⵎⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ.

at bab n fabrikat d ixddamn: ccxṣiyat iℇnan n jjdid

lmujtamaℇ ṣṣinaℇi n jjdid ixrqn di ṛwṣṭ n rqan 19, d aḥaḍaṛi, Ɣars tnayn n ccxṣiyat ℇnant : at bab n fabrikat d ixddamn. imzwura d izℇℇamn. wis tnayn tkwwann, s bra ism, ddsas n tmƔar n leiqṭiṣaḍ i war tuƔa qbr.

tuƔa d ijj n lℇalam idi iḥkkm waryaz, waxxa timƔarin tuƔa tnt adu iryazn, tuƔa Ɣarsn leahammiyya. di ttidt, tuƔa timƔarin d jjhd izi xddmn di fabrikat n nnasij di il tir.

42

ⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵏⵏⴰⵜⴰⵉⵊ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵛⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⵢⵉⴼ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⴹⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴷⵊⴰⵃⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵔⴰⵢⴼⵉⵢⵏ.

di ddunct a ittfarfaran, ca n iryazn d tmƔarin Ɣarsn ddawr imƔar di lmacariℇ n leiqṭiṣaḍ d ttḥsin lijtimaℇi, maca inniḍn ttℇanan s nnataij bla ma ggin ca aṭṭaṣ. tuƔa ixṣṣa ttkyif akd lwaḍℇiya a n jjdid n at bab n fabrikat d ixddamn, ura d ifdjaḥn d iḥrayfiyn.

43

ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵢⵓ

ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵢⵓ ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴷⵉ 1877. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵎⵎⵉⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵕⵓⴹ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ 10 ⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⴷ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵛⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰⵚⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵕⵚⵚⵎ.

ⴷⵉ 1902 ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵡ ⴽⵓⵚⵟⴰ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵊⵉⵙ, ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴽⵓⵚⵟⴰ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵄⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ. ⴷⵉ 1993, ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵙⵓⵙⵢⵉⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵓⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ. ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴰⴼⵙ,  “ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷⵉⵏ ⵖⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ”.

ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵄⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⴽ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⵄ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵕⵓⴽⵉ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ 1940, ⵅⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⵢⴰⵔ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 1959 ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵅⵎⵙ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵎⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⵉ 1964, ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ.

juzib sirra i siyu

juzib sirra i siyu ixrq di ṛuḍa di tir di 1877. babas tuƔa d anssaj, immas d lmuṣmmima n waṛṛuḍ. ar mani tuƔa Ɣars 10 snin, tuƔa irmmd di fabrika n unƔad di ṛuḍa di tir, cwayt uca immutti Ɣar tiṛṛaṣa ḥma ad ixdm dg yijj n ccarika n ttℇdin mani ittwaṛṣṣm.

di 1902 icarc akd umikaniku idjan zi manliw andriw kuṣṭa i bajis, ggin ccarika kuṣṭa i sirra, iℇddrn macinat, mn bℇd tbda tettṣnnaℇ kuntinuwas n unƔad. di 1993, igga ccarika susyitat anunima sirra, ittṣnnaℇn qqaℇ macinat n unƔad n ṛqṭn. tdwr kan sirra d ccarika tamzwarut tasbanyut ittṣnnaℇn macinat n nnasij di ccarikat iℇnan qqaℇ n manliw. qqarn xafs, “wnni i din Ɣa ixddmn, ar Ɣars iri rbda uƔrum” .

tizmmar n zzℇamt n juzib sirra iwin t ad icark dg waṭṭaṣ n lmacariℇ ṣṣinaℇiya, am uṣnnℇ n lmuṣilat n tfawt ṛuki. iqqim sirra di fabrika ar 1940, xnni i d yusa ijj zi tmnya n trwa nns ad isyyar. immut di 1959 di barsiluna, xms snin Ɣar warni rmwt nns, di 1964, sƔin ccarika a iwdan n baṛṛa.

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ⵍⵓⵙ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ

ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1830, ⴰⵃⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵙⵉ ⵚⵓⵍⵉⵕ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵃⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵉⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵙ, ⵢⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⵄ, ⴰⵄⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ, ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⴷⵉ 1880, ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵚⵓⵍⵉⵕ, ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵃⴷⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵙ ⵚⵓⵍⵉⵕ, ⵜⵎⵔⵛ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵣⵉ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴽⴰⴷⴰ, ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵜⵊⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ. ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵊⴰⵔ 1880 ⴷ 1890 ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵕⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ ⵚⵓⵍⵉⵕ: ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵙ, ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ.

ⵔⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵙⵏ. ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵔⵓⵃⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵏ ⵜⵜⴽⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵊⵏ ⵅ ⵔⵃⵏⵓⵏⵢⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1910. ⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵀⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵄⵄⵎⵏ. ⵉⵅⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴷⴼⵉⴻⴰ, ⴽⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵃⴰⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵢⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵛⵉⵄⵄⴰⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⵓⵃⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⴷⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜ, ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵍⵓⵙ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵅⵙⵏ, ⵓⴷⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵅⵔ.

ⴷⵉ 1917 ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵍⴻⵉⵜⵜⵉⵚⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵔⵡⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ⵏⵡⵡⵄⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵔⵊⵉⵄ ⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵚⵚⵏⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰⴹⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵏ ⵔⵃⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵚⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵅⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵊ.

lus ṛuka

dg usggʷas n 1830, aḥddad ignasi ṣuliṛ iṛẓm ijj n tḥddadt d tamẓyant di manliw. ibrubitca zi tmƔar n ṣṣinaℇa di tndint, memmis matiyis, yarri tt d ttayar n uṣnnℇ, aℇdar d uḥṭṭu n macina, ixddmn ṣṣinaℇa n nnasij di manliw. di 1880, mariyya ṣuliṛ, idjis tawḥdanit n matiyis ṣuliṛ, tmrc akd biri ṛuka, ijj n uḥddad zi muntkada, Ɣars ttjriba di ccarikat n ttℇdin di barsiluna. idwr ttayar n lus ṛuka d ccarika iℇnan di manliw. jar 1880 d 1890 mmarnin aṛbℇa n tarwa Ɣar ṛuka ṣuliṛ: anjila, matiyis, marti d juzib.

rmdn tarwa rxdmt zi tmẓi di ttayar n babatsn. mn bℇd ruḥn Ɣar ccarikat n ttℇdin di barsiluna, ḥma ad ggn ttkwin, iggʷjn x rḥnunyyt n familiya nnsn. immut biri ṛuka dg usggʷas n 1910. awmatn ṛuka tuƔa d iḥudriyn ittnhzzan izℇℇmn. ixḍaṛn lqiṭaℇ n ttdfiea, ksin ttaḥaddi ad ggn ccarika tamzwarut tasbanyut izmmarn ad sfsyn lmuciℇℇat. s uynni ruḥn Ɣar fṛanṣa ad xdmn, ad rmdn di ccarikat n lqiṭaℇ a. ar mani i d dwrn Ɣar manliw, Ɣar warni aṭṭaṣ n lmuḥawalat, iwḍn lus ṛuka Ɣar min xsn, udfn s jjhd di ssuq imƔarn n daxr.

di 1917 tmmutti ccarika Ɣar gaba turzzu leittiṣalat icnan qqaℇ. dinni issirwn wawmatn, nwwℇn rxdmt ar mani tdwr maṛka ṛuka d lmrjiℇ di ddunct di ṣṣnℇt n ṛaḍiyaḍuṛ d rḥwayj n rḥmmam iṣnnℇn s traxt n zzaj.

45

ⵍⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ

ⵍⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵄⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵊⴰ, ⵣⵉ ⵙⵉⵔⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ. ⵣⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵔⵓⵃ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1826. ⴷⵉ 1834 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵀⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ, ⵙⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷⴰⴳⵙ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵙ. ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰⴷⵉⵙ, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ, ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵊⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1823. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴽ ⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵉⵙⵜⵔ, ⴽⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ.

ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵀⵉⵎⵎ ⵉ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1841 ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵊⴰⵔⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ. ⵙ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵣⴰⵜ, ⴷⵉ 1841, ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⵎⵜⵉⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵙⵙⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰ, ⵍⴻⴰⵚⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ. ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵡⵚⵟ. ⵍⵎⵛⵔⵓⵄ ⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵅⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1848.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1868, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵔⵛ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴰⵎ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰ, ⵙⵉⵏⴷⵔⵉⵡ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵢⴰ, ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍ ⴱⵍⴰⵡ. ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⴱⵉⵍⴰ, ⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ 1886, ⵉⴽⵎⵔ ⵔⴱⵏⵉ ⵄⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵙ. ⵍⵡⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵅⵔⵇⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ 1873, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵔⵓⵃ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵎⵓⴷⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵊⵡⴰⵣⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⵉ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ. ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵔⴽⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵢⵢⴷ ⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ.

lus bujit

lus bujit tuƔa daysn nnfs n zzℇamt d ttjdid n fabrikat i tuƔa idjan dg umzwaru n ttṣniℇ di lḥawḍ n il tir. usin d zi ussija, zi sirdanya tafṛansist. zi ssnni fransisk bujit i muntfurt iruḥ Ɣar bik dg usggʷas n 1826. di 1834 tuƔa Ɣars ijj n fabrika muhimma n unƔad d nnasij d ṛqṭn, sxddamn dags mulas. rafayil bujit tirradis, memmis n fransisk, ixrq ura d ntta di ussija dg usggʷas n 1823. ar mani t tuƔa d aḥudri, isskk it babas ad iƔar tnayn n isggʷusa di mancistr, kuna n ṣṣinaℇa n ṛqṭn.

fransisk bujit iẓṛa mn bℇd blli iƔẓaṛ n tir muhimm i ṣṣinaℇa. di 1841 icarra fabrika n kan barula di manliw, i tuƔa ixddmn s tjarrart tahidrulikit. s lmuwazat, di 1841, isƔa akd tnayn n ccurka leimtiyaz n waman izaydn zi ssd n la tiwla, leaṣl n lqanat ṣṣinaℇiya n manliw, bnan trata n fabrikat. bujit iṭṭf fabrika idjan di ṛwṣṭ. lmcruℇ a iqqni t rbda Ɣar uxraq n lqanat ṣṣinaℇiya n manliw, ccarika n at bab nns tettwag dg usggʷas n 1848.

immut fransisk di bik dg usggʷas n 1868, memmis rafayil iṭṭf rxdmt n babas. iqqim amnni rafayil bujit icarrc di lmacariℇ ṣṣinaℇiya iqqnn Ɣar lqanat n manliw, am ccarika n almida, sindriw i siya, fabrika di la sida, d kal blaw. rafayil bujit i tirradis ibna ijj n lbinaya d tamqrant di manliw, dg umcan umi qqarn dalt bila, idi tuƔa d ittban jjhd n familiya. immut rafayil di manliw di 1886, ikmr rbni ℇamayn Ɣar warnas. lwarit nns d rafayil bujit munt, ixrqn di manliw di 1873, waxxa war d ibin d aṣnnaℇ. Ɣar warni ar ami iruḥ barsiluna, idwr d nnamudaj n uburjwazi abarsiluni iℇnan. lkatib juzib bla yarri t d lbaṭal n rktab nns un sinyur di barsiluna. ijj n ssyyd zi barsiluna.

46

ⵍⵓⵙ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ

ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵛ ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵊⴰⵔ 1808 ⴷ 1810, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ 1887. ⴷⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵚⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵛⵜ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⵎⵓⵀⵉⵎⵎ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⵡⵍⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ 1853. ⴷⵉ 1879 ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵉⵙⴰ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵜⵄⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ.

ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ, ⵊⵓⵡⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵢⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⵔⵓⵄ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 1883. ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵍⵍⴼ ⵙ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵉ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵇⴱⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⵊⵉⴱ ⴰⵙ ⵍⴼⵏⵏ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵎⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷⵉ 1887, ⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵍⵍⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵙⵢⵉⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ.

ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵜⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ ⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵍⵄⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⵛⴰⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴼⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰ, ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵓⵇⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵟⵉⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵣⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⵔⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵄⵄⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜⵏ. ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⴰⵄ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ: ⵏⵏⴰⵢⴱ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵙⴰⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵊⵍⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵓⵢⵓⵅ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⴳⵓⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵡⴰⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ.

lus rusinyul

jawmi rusinyul i buc ixrq di manliw jar 1808 d 1810, immut di barsiluna di 1887. di lℇaṣima takatalanct, mani immutti, tuƔa ittsbbab rusinyul di ṛqṭn. tuƔa Ɣars lℇalaqa tmtn akd manliw i tuƔa d ijj n lmṛkẓ muhimm n ṛqṭn di ddwla. s uynni, tuƔa d ijj n waryaz zg imzwura n ttwajar n lqiṭaℇ n nnasij di tndint, da i ixrq ccarika n fabrika kan bunti, ittwaṛẓmn di 1853. di 1879 isƔa fabrika kan rimisa, idwrn tℇna maṛṛa di manliw.

jawmi rusinyul tuƔa Ɣars ijj n memmis, juwan rusinyul, ittsyyarn lmcruℇ n familiya akd babas ar mani immut di 1883. memmis amqran n jwan, santiyagu rusinyul, ittkllf s fabrika n manliw, ixdm i min ittwaggn qbr. maca, tuƔa ittℇjib as lfnn, Ɣar warni rmwt n jddis, di 1887, umas albirt rusinyul ittkllf s ttsyir lmubacir n ccarika.

Ɣar warni rsnin, albirt rusinyul issmtn abddi n fabrika, b ḍḍbṭ la kulunya, ibna lℇimarat nniḍn, am tcali n at bab nns, ittwassnn am kaw faluga, i tuƔa d nnuqṭa n inṭilaqa n waṭṭaṣ n usafar zi santiyagu d lmaqrr n waṭṭaṣ n rḥwayj Ɣarsn lℇalaqa akd ttaqafa d ssiyasa ittzℇℇamn awmatn. idwr albirt rusinyul d ijj n uṣnnaℇ imƔar ℇawd d asiyasi Ɣars jjhd: nnayb n bik d barsiluna dg waṭṭaṣ n lmunasabat, ittmttal di majlis ccuyux tarraguna, d aṛṛays n ttℇziz n lℇamal lwaṭani d lmuassis n tmsmunt n at bab n fabrikat di manliw d min das innḍn.

47

ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵚⵟⴰ

ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷⵉ 1882. ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⵊⴰⵃ, ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵣⵣⵔ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⵉⵣⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵄⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵢⵉⵙ, ⴷⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⵡⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⴰ. ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⵔⵔⴼ ⵅ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴱⵓⵡ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴷⵊⴰⵃⵜ ⵣⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵄⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⵙ. ⵉⵄⴷⵓ ⵛⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵎⵔⵛⵏ, ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵙⵢⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵔⵄⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵣⵏ ⴷⵉ 1872. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵔⵄⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⵡⴰⵏⵜ. ⵍⵄⵇⴷ ⵉ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵓⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵄⴰⵙⵜ, ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵀⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵄⵔⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ, ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵡⵚⵟ, ⴰⵎⵎⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ. ⴰⵎⵎⵓ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵅⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ.

ⵔⵅⵓⴹⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴼⵀⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⵔⴰⵔ. ⴷⵉ ⵔⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵃⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵣⵄⵓⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵔⵓ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊⴰⵜ, ⴷⵉ ⵕⴰⴱⵄ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵃⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ. ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⴱⵉ ⴰⴳⵉⵍⴰⵔ, ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵄⵔⴰⵙⵉ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵏ ⵔⵅⵓⴹⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴷ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ.

ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴱⵓⵡ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵅⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵍⵡⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵊⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵔ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵓⵚⴰ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵙ ⵕⵅⵓⴹⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 1957.

ṛamun mas kuṣṭa

ixrq ṛamun mas di bik di 1882. memmis n ufdjaḥ, zi tmẓi ibda ad yazzr jar tuzzizwt n rℇast n kan tinuyis, di santa iwjiniya di birga. isggʷasn mn bℇd ittℇrrf x mariyya buw, ijj n tfdjaḥt zi bik i d yusin zi rℇast n klus. iℇdu cwayt n rwqt mrcn, ggin awar ad zdƔn di manliw. dinni tuƔa ttsyyarn rℇast n fabrika kan sanglas, i ibdan ad carzn di 1872. maca, rℇast d taddart tuƔa xwant. lℇqd i ggin akd lus sanglas, at bab n fabrika d rℇast, annahu ad xdmn, ad zdƔn di rℇrasi nni, min d Ɣa yawn zzays ad t bḍan di ṛwṣṭ, ammu i tuƔa ttggn di rwqt nni. ammu idwr mas d axmmas n kan sanglas.

rxuḍat d taẓẓut war fhimn rwqt n ṛamun d mariyya i tuƔa ixddmn ass d azirar. di rtnayn, ttraḥn x tzℇuqt d ukarru Ɣar ssuq n manliw ad zznzn lmntujat, di ṛabℇ ttraḥn Ɣar di turilu. ura d taddart di ccariℇ n bisbi agilar, zzati fabrika d rℇrasi, tuƔa d amcan ttmunn days iwdan ad sƔn rxuḍat i znuzan tmmsyad twjd i macca.

ṛamun d mariyya buw tuƔa Ɣarsn xmsa n tarwa nnsn, trata n iḥnjirn d tnayn n tḥnjirin. lwarit nnsn, jwan, ikmmr rxdmt n familiya, iqqim ixddm akd tmƔart nns, ṛuṣa, ibddrn bubina n fabrika n nnasij s ṛxuḍat. immut ṛamun mas di 1957.

48

ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵕⵓⵍⴰⵚ

ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⵕⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴷⵉ 1856, ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰ, ⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⵅⴰⴼⵙⵏ, ⵣⵉ ⴽⴰⵚⴰ ⵎⴰⵚ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵕⵓⵍⵉⵚ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵔ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵉⵍ- ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵙ. ⴷⵉ 1882 ⵉⵎⵔⵛ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔ ⵟⵓⵕⵕⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1898 ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷⵉ 1912 ⵉⵎⵔⵛ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴹⵓⵍⵓⵕⵉⵚ ⴽⴰⵚⴰⵚ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⵜⵜ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ.

ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵕⵓⵍⴰⵚ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⵉⵊⴷⴷⴻⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ ⴰⵛⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⴰⵟⴰ, ⵉ ⵅ ⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵍⵉⵄⵜⵉⵕⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⵡⴰⴻⵉⵣ ⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⴰ. ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵖⵍⵍ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰ, ⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴻⴱ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵄⴷⵉⵏⵉ ⵟⵉⴱⴱⵉ , ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵊⴰⵄ ⵙⵙⴰⵃⵉⵍⵉ.

ⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵊⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⴷⴼⵄ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵔⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴰⵎ ⴱⵡⵉⴳ -ⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵊⴰⵔ 1883 ⴷ 1886, ⵉⵛⴰⵔⴽ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⴻⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⴷⵉ 1877, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵢⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⵚⴰⵍ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵄⵔⵓⴼ ⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵄⵔⵓⴼ ⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵢⵍⵔ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵕⵓⵍⴰⵚ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 1927 ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴹⵕ ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵡⵉⴳ - ⴰⴳⵓⵜ.

ṛamun madiṛulaṣ

ixrq ṛamun di manliw, di 1856, dg yijj n familiya Ɣarsn agra, mliḥ xafsn, zi kaṣa maṣ madiṛuliṣ. iƔra di barsiluna di ssiminir dil kullil- zzati banyulis. di 1882 imrc akd bilar ṭuṛṛintis ikd id ijja trata n tḥnjirin d aṛbℇa n iḥnjirn. di 1898 tmmut as tmƔart, di 1912 imrc ℇawd akd ḍuluṛiṣ kaṣaṣ, immutn stt snin mn bℇd.

madiṛulaṣ tuƔa t maṛṛa d nnacaṭ. iḍfaṛ rwqt n jjdid, ijdded di leistitmar n wagra nns, b ḍḍbṭ acraz n irdn d baṭaṭa, i x iksi liℇtiṛaf d ljawaeiz ℇalamiya. ℇawd di tmura nns istaƔll ijj n tara, tjji t ad isbbeb dg waman mℇdini ṭibbi , tdwr taddart d lmuntajaℇ ssaḥili.

di nnacaṭ nns lmujtamaℇi ittban ttadayyun nns. jar nnacaṭat nniḍn d lmacariℇ nniḍn, idfℇ Ɣar rbni n lmaqam bwig -agut jar 1883 d 1886, icark dg taessis n ljmℇiya n iḥudriyn ikatulikn di 1877, d wawaḍ Ɣar manliw n wawmatn n tmzyidawin tiṛumiyin dila ṣal. tuƔa t mℇruf s lℇalaqat akd ssiyasiyyin iℇnan, d iwdan n ddin d ttaqafa n tmurt. b ḍḍbṭ, tuƔa t mℇruf s lℇalaqa nns akd ljiniral wiylr madiṛulaṣ, immut di 1927 ittwanḍṛ zzati familiya nns, dg unḍṛ i yumar ad t bnan di lmaqam n bwig - agut.

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ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵢⵓ

ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵣⵔⴰⵄⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵔⵔⴰ (ⵓⵔⵉⵙ), ⴷⵉ 19 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1853. ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵄⵉⵛ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰ ⴳⵉⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵛ ⴷⵉ 1880 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⵚⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵓ, ⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⵔⵛⵏ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵣⵔⴰⵄⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵔⵔⵉⵙ.

ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵅⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ. ⴰⵎⵛⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷⵉ ⵍⴱⵉⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵓⵔⴰⵏ “ⴱⵔⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ”, ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ “ⵕⴰⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ”, ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ “ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ”. ⵏⵙⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵀⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵡⵊⵊⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ, ⵜⵃⵟⵟⴰ ⵚⵚⵃⵃⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵚⴱⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵅⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵛⴰⵔⴰⴽ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓ, ⵜⵃⵟⵟⴰ ⵔⴱⵀⴰⵢⵎ. ⴷⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⴽⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ, ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵄⵇⵔⵏ ⵅ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 1905, ⴷⵉ 52 ⵙⵏⴰ. ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ. ⵍⵡⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵚⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵙⵉⵙⴽⵔⵓⵜⵙ (ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵓⵍ). ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵊⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷⵊⵇⴱ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵅ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵖⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵉⵇⴰ ⵃⵜⵉⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ, ⵜⵊⵎⵎⵄ ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵟⴱⵉⴱ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ, ⵓⵛⴰ ⵜⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 23 ⴼⴱⵔⴰⵢⵔ 1945, ⴷⵉ 93 ⵙⵏⴰ.

filumina sanglas giyu

txrq filumina di lmzraℇa kan sanglas di ddcar n sadirra (uris), di 19 maṛṣ 1853. dinni tuƔa tettℇic akd ibabatn nns jwan sanglas d tirisa giyu ar mani tmrc di 1880 akd jawmi ṣula alu, ajjar n tabirtit. ar mani mrcn mmuttin ad zdƔn di taddart n waryaz nns, di lmzraℇa lubirt zzati tir d ddir n san biri di kasirris.

filumina d jawmi tuƔa Ɣarsn xmsa n issistn d aṛbℇa n iḥnjirn. amcnaw maṛṛa timƔarin, di lbiṭaqa n filumina uran “bra rxdmt”, ca n twaratin “ṛabbat bayt”, ca n twaratin “ tettgg min das d ikkan am tmƔart”. nssn, macan, blli di lubirt filumina tettgg min tuƔa tẓaṛ immas tettgg di tmẓi nns: tetthilla di tsℇa n tarwa nns, tswjjad macca, tḥṭṭa ṣṣḥḥt n familiya nns, tettṣbban, tettxyyaḍ, tettcarak di rxdmt n rkambu, tḥṭṭa rbhaym. di ddakira n familiya, qqimn ℇqrn x filumina am tamƔart inƔƔdn taḍuft, nnacaṭ i tuƔa tettgg akd rxdaym nniḍn.

aryaz nns immut di 1905, di 52 sna. cway Ɣar warni mana a tmmutti filumina ad tzdƔ di taddart n memmis amqran juzib. lwarit i ibnan mas ṣula di sant marti siskruts (iskirul). dg isggʷusa inggura n tudart nns, ljadda lubitta, djqb izi tettwassn filumina xminni nssawar x iẓuṛan nns, tuƔa tnƔƔd s yijj n ṭṭaṛiqa ḥtirafiya, tjmmℇ arbiℇ n ttaṭbib zg imucan i das innḍn, uca tznuza tn di ssuq yudsn. tmmut di 23 fbrayr 1945, di 93 sna.

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ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⵏⵏ

ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⵍⵊⴰⵢⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴷⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵉⵔⵎⵎⴷⵏ… ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴱⵉⵙ, ⴷⵉ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰⵙ, ⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵔⴰⵙ…ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴽⵯⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵀⴽⴽⵯⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵍⵍⴰⵎ ⵍⵀⴰⵔⴰⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ. ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵊⵇⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵜ.

ixddamn n nnasij di il tir. aṭṭaṣ i war d ittbinn

Ɣar unggaru n rqan 19 ktarnt tmƔarin di fabrikat n il tir. ljayc n tinni inƔƔdn, ittggn subriras, irmmdn… di asbis, di mitciras, di kuntinuwas, di kuniras…tuƔa tnt dg waṭṭaṣ n rxdaym, war skkʷint aṭṭaṣ hkkʷant di ssullam lharami n rxdmt. tcintcis d fabrikantis dina d djqubat izi ttwassnnt.

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ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ : ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵢⵏ

ⵔⵓⵔⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵖⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵎⵙⴻⵓⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴻⵓⵎⵓⵎⴰ. ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵎⵎⵔⵏⵜ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ.

di taddart d fabrika : ass n martayn

ruruf n tmƔarin n lmaƔazil n il tir tuƔa smunant rxdmt n fabrikat akd lmseuliya n taddart d leumuma. rxdmt nnsnt am lℇamilat n ṣṣinaℇa war tbddr ddawr nnsnt di familiyat am timƔarin n taddart. timƔarin baṛṛa i fabrika tuƔa ittxṣṣa tnt ad kmmrnt rxdmt nnsnt n taddart.

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ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900 ⵡⴰⵔ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵏ ⵅ ⵔⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵕ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵅⴰⴼⵙ ⵜⵜⵅⴷⵊⵉⵚⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵓⴱⵍⵉⵖⴰⵡ ⵅ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵃⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ. ⴷⵉ 1907 ⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ (1931) ⵅⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵖⵓⵔⵓ ⵉⵊⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵍⴻⵓⵎⵓⵎⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⵊⵚⵏⵜ ⵅⴰⵙⵏⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⵃⵜⴰⵔⵉⵎⵏ.

ar asggʷas n 1900 war ṣidqn x rqanun amzwaru imnnℇn rxdmt n tmƔart Ɣar warni trata n simanat zi tarwa. abṭṭṛ a tuƔa war xafs ttxdjiṣnt, tuƔa ubliƔaw x fabrika ad tḥḍa amcan nnsnt n rxdmt. di 1907 arnyn di rwqt n tmẓuṛt ar stta n simanat. ar mani i d tusa arribublika wis tnayn (1931) xnni i ggin siƔuru ijbari xf leumuma, am ijj n usqansa Ɣar warni tarwa s stta n simanat ttwaxdjṣnt xasnt. maca waxxa din lqawanin, aṭṭaṣ war tn ttḥtarimn.

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ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1912 ⵚⴰⴷⵇⵏ ⵅ ⵔⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵄⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⵊⵉⵔⵜ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵄⴰⴷⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴷⵊⵉⵔⵜ. ⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴼⴼⵇⵏⵜ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ.

waxxa dg usggʷas n 1912 ṣadqn x rqanun amzwaru imnnℇn rxdmt n tmƔarin s djirt, tuƔa ℇadi i tmƔarin i Ɣa idja lmacaƔil n familiya ad xdmnt s djirt. ta d leistratijiya ḥma ad wffqnt jar rxdmt di fabrika akd wass wis tnayn n rxdmt di taddart.

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ⵍⵎⵓⵄⴰⵕⴰⴹⴰ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ. ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ

ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵛⴽ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⴼⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵄⴰⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ , ⴷⴷⴰⴼⴰⵄⵏ ⵅ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵃⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵀⵓⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ, ⵙ ⵍⵄⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵄⵎⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵡⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵏⴹⴹⵎⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵇⵔ ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵎⵓⵀⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ.

lmuℇaṛaḍa lℇummaliya i rxdmt n tmƔart. lḥala n manliw

ixddamn tuƔa xzzarn s cck di tmƔarin i d ittadfn fabrikat, tuƔa ttℇaṛaḍn tnt s jjhd , ddafaℇn x rxdmt nnsn d rmunt nnsn iṣbḥn. di nnawat n lℇummal itthumman qqaℇ, s lℇks n lmustℇmaṛat ṣṣinaℇiya d nnawat timẓyanin, rxdmt n iryazn tuƔa tt mnḍḍma, tssdqr adwar n txddamin dg umcan n ixddamn. manliw, iggin nnawat n lℇummal lmuhimma d lmital n mana a.

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ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ

ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵖⴰⵣⵉⵍ, ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵅ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ : ⴰⵙⵓⵊⴷ, ⵉ ⵅ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ; ⵍⵖⴰⵣⵍ, ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵡⵙⵄⵏⵜ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵉ ⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵄⵔⴰ ⵃⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ ⵍⵅⴰⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ : ⴰⵏⵊⵊⴰⵔ, ⴽⵓⵔⵔⵓⵏⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ, ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵙⴰⵇⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉ… ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵍⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵚⴰⵕⵉⵎ, ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵡⴰ ⵉⵀⵡⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ.

fabrikat n tmƔarin

di lmaƔazil, rxdaym ttwabḍant x trata n grubbat d imqrann : asujd, i x ttirin iryazn ; lƔazl, ttirin days iryazn d tmƔarin, maca wsℇnt nitnti, d mani ittkmmarn idi djant ℇra ḥar Ɣir timƔarin. rxdaym lxaṣṣin tuƔa n iryazn : anjjar, kurrunayri, turbinayri, amikaniku, wnni isrssaqn, amari… ttaslsul tuƔa t ṣaṛim, timƔarin lyad lℇamila iktarn, tuƔa tnt di lmustawa ihwan qqaℇ.

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ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴼⴰⵇ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵄⵄⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵡⵄⴰⵔⵏⵜ. ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵇⵚⵏⵜ. ⴷⵉ 1902 ⵜⵉⵙⵄⵄⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ 66 ⵙⴰⵄⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1913 ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ 60 ⵙⴰⵄⴰ, ⵙ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴽⴰ, ⴷⵉ 1919 ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ 48 ⵙⴰⵄⴰ.

di rwqt n rxdmt war dinni rfaq jar tmƔarin d iryazn. dg umzwaru tisℇℇatin n rxdmt tuƔa wℇarnt. akd rsnin, s jjhd n lmuṭalabat nqṣnt. di 1902 tisℇℇatin lqanuniyat tuƔa tnt 66 saℇa di simana. di 1913 dwrnt di 60 saℇa, s leiḍṛab n la kanadinka, di 1919 dwrnt di 48 saℇa.

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ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⴱⵃⵏⵜ ⵇⵍⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⵙ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ. ⴷⵉ 1900, ⵉⵚⴰⴹⵇ ⵍⵎⵊⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵚⵍⴰⵃⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴱⵃⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ 3 ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ 2 ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ 1,5 ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ. ⴷⵉ 1914, ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⴽⴰ (ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ), ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴱⵃ 20 ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴰⵣⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴷⵏ.

tuƔa timƔarin arbbḥnt qll zg iryazn waxxa ttggn nafs rxdmt. di 1900, iṣaḍq lmjlis lmaḥalli n leiṣlaḥat lijtimaℇiya di ṛuḍa di tir ad arbḥn iryazn 3 bisitas, timƔarin 2 iḥnjirn 1,5 dg wass. di 1914, di fabrika almida i alimani n bila sika (sant bisins di turilu), tamƔart inƔƔdn tarbbḥ 20 bisitas di simana, azyn n rmunt n uryaz inƔƔdn.

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ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ

ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵣⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⵏⴰ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵜ, ⵜⵜⵥⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵜⵖⵏⵏⵊⵏⵜ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⵃⵢⵢⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵀⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ. ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵡⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⴼⵓⵕⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵀⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴰ. ⴰⵎ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵢⵉⵏⵙⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⵔⵇⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵡⵉⵔⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ.

ibridn n tmƔarin

aṭṭaṣ n tmƔarin tuƔa tnt zi lmazariℇ n uṣuna. dg ubrid, ssawarnt, ttẓadjant, ttƔnnjnt, aṭṭaṣ imurn tḥyyadnt i uhwar n iryazn. akd rsnin, timƔarin a wcint fuṛma d lhawiya i ibridn a. am ubrid n basyinsya issmsrqan sant biri di turilu akd fabrikat n bila sika d burgunya, niƔ abrid n las tcintcis, issmsrqan fulgwirulis akd fabrikat n ṛuḍa di tir.

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ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵏⴼ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ‘ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⵚ”. ⴷⵉ 22 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1858 ⵙⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵊⴰⵔ 10 ⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 23 ⵙⵏⴰ, ⵀⵊⵎⵏ ⵅⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵕⵄⴽⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴽⵓⵚ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉⵙ. ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ , ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵅⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵢⵣⵣⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ.

zi lmital n ḍṛama n lℇunf ikkin x tmƔarin, lḥala n ‘tinni umi qssn iri di kuṣ”. di 22 Ɣuct 1858 stta n txddamin, Ɣarsnt jar 10 snin d 23 sna, hjmn xasnt tnayn n iryazn di lminṭaqa umi qqarn las ṛℇkas dil kuṣ, dg ubrid n lis tcintcis. trata nƔin tnt , tinniḍn qqimnt ddarnt waxa ttwayzzmnt aṭṭaṣ.

60

ⴷⵉ 23 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1882, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⵣⵉ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⵛⴽⴽⵎ ⵅ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵣⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵜⵀⵓⴷⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵄⴰⵇⴱ ⵙ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⴰⴻ ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰ ⵄⵜⵉⵢⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵏⴼ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵉⵏ.

di 23 maṛṣ 1882, ijj n lmjmuℇa zi lbacawiya n ṛuḍa di tir tckkm x uzawar n txddamin dg wadaf d wufuƔ zi fabrikat, thudd ad tℇaqb s lqaḍae wnni i tnt izawarn. mana a isbyyan blli ta d lmumarasa ℇtiyadiya n lℇunf kuntra tixddamin.

61

ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⴳⵉ

ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ ⴷⵉ 1873. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⴳⵉ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵢⴰⵡⵉⵎ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵎⵜⵡⴰⴹⵄⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵅⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜⵏ. ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵏ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷ. ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵅⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⴷⵏ, ⵜⵅⴷⵊⴰⵚⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵙⴻⵓⵍ ⵅ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵎⵔⵛ ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵊⵓⵍⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ ⴷⵉ 1896. ⵄⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⴱⵉⴳⵉ. ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵚⵚⴹⵄ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵔⵙⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵉⵡⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ. ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵢⵢⵛⵏ ⵙ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵃⵙⴱⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵄⴷⴷⵉ ⵅ ⵍⵡⴹⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⴷⵉ ⵛⵀⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1901, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵚⵚⴹⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴹⴰⵀⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⴰ ⵍⵓⴽ-ⴰⵡⵜ. ⴰⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ- ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵜⵕⵓⵏⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⵏ ⵅ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⵏ 14.000 ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ. ⴷⵉ 11 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ, ⴱⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵔⵅⴼⵉⴼ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵔⵇⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ. ⵔⴼⵄⴰⵢⵔ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵚⵚⴰⵃⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ, ⴱⵉⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵀⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵜⵎⵏ ⵛⵀⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵔⵎⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵙ.

gasbar bigi

ixrq di turilu di 1873. babas, lwis bigi, yus d zi iskirul, d lmuyawim. tuƔa t zg yijj n familiya mtwaḍℇa, tuƔa Ɣars xmsa n wawmatn. ibda gasbar rxdmt dg yijj n fabrika n nnasij ar mani tuƔa Ɣars tmn snin, akd rwqt, idwr d anƔƔad. inƔƔadn n silfaktinas ttixḍaṛn inni irmmdn, txdjaṣn tn nitni dirikt. drus n rsnin, gasbar idwr d anƔƔad d lmseul x silfaktina nns.

imrc gasbar bigi akd julya manint di glisya n sant filiyu n turilu di 1896. ℇar warnas, immarni memmitsn amzwaru, bisins bigi. dg isggʷusa inggura n rqan 19, ikkar ṣṣḍℇ d amqran jar ixddamn d at bab n ccarikat di fabrikat n il tir. ijj n rsbab asidf n macinat n unƔad kuntinuwas di fabrikat, iwid d akids adaf n tmƔarin Ɣar rxdaym i tuƔa di rwqt nni ttggn tn iryazn waha. inƔƔadn ittfyycn s rxdmt nnsn, ḥsbn mana a d aℇddi x lwḍℇiya nnsn.

gasbar bigi d ijj n uxddam, di char n maṛṣ 1901, d ntta isskkarn ṣṣḍℇ di marra lḥawḍ n il tir, igga ttaḍahuṛat kuntra luk-awt. abllℇ n fabrikat- innan ibatṛunn, ḥma ad arrn x leiḍṛab ijjin 14.000 n ixddamn bla rxdmt. di 11 maṛṣ, bigi immut s rxfif dg yijj n umnƔi akd iḥudriyn n lfirqa n turilu. rfℇayr a tuƔa Ɣarsn ijj n ttadaℇiyat di ṣṣaḥafa di tmurt maṛṛa, bigi tuƔa d ccahid n lḥaraka n ixddamn. tmn chur Ɣar warni rmwt nns, txrq idjis.

62

ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵔⵔⵉⴳⴰ

ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ 22 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1844 ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⴼⵜ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵚⴱⴱⵖ, ⵊⴰⵔ 1870 ⴷ 1871 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⴹⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⴷⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⴱⴰⵖⵏ ⵕⵕⵚⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1872 ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⴻⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴻⵙⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ. ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⵎⵎ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵊⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵃⵔⵉⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵔⵉⴱⵉⵙⵜⴰ ⵙⵓⵙⵢⴰⵍ. ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ ⴷⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵃⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍ, ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵄⵄⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ, ⵜⵜⵄⵍⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵟⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵍⵉⵖⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⵎⴻⵎⵏⵓⵄ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵇⵍⵍ ⵣⵉ 12 ⵙⵏⴰ.

ⴷⵉ 1880 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ - ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ- ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵛⵔⵓⵄ ⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵇ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⵉ ⵜⵜⴽⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 1883 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ. ⵜⵙⵄ ⵛⵀⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ 1884, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⴽ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰ. ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵅ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵟⵕⵕⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵇⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵚⵍⴰⵃⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴼⴰⵡⴹⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1892 ⵟⵟⴼⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵎ. ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ.

ⴷⵉ 1894 ⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵇⵔⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900, ⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵍⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵔⴰⴼ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵉⵃⴰⵡⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⵎ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⴰ, ⵉⴷⴼⵄ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴼⵢⵉⵙⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⴷⵉ 1911, ⴷⵉ 66 ⵙⵏⴰ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1917.

fransisk abaya garriga

fransisk abaya ixrq di 22 abril 1844 di barsiluna. babas d anssaj n tḍuft. tuƔa iṣbbƔ, jar 1870 d 1871 tuƔa d lℇuḍw n lmjlis n leidara n ljmℇiya n iṣbbaƔn ṛṛṣmiyin di barsiluna. di 1872 icarc di lmuetamar ttaesisi n ittiḥad ttaṣniℇ. yudf ad inḍamm i lmjlis, idwr d ssikritir n ttḥrir di la ribista susyal. di rwqt a tuƔa dinni ijj n ṭṭalab i lmaḥakim ddusturiya n ribublika tamzwarut tasbanyut i uḥssn n ḍḍuṛuf n lℇamal, zzaysn tmnya n tsℇℇatin n rxdmt, ttℇlim llaikiya s baṭṛ d ubliƔaw, d memnuℇ rxdmt n iḥnjirn iƔa idja qll zi 12 sna.

di 1880 tuƔa izddƔ di manliw, Ɣars lℇalaqa akd ljmℇiya n kural di manliw - il brugris- di lmcruℇ n xalq n lmṛkẓ i ttkwin n ixddamn. dg unggaru n 1883 immutti Ɣar manliw di bik, mani txrq idjis mariya. tsℇ chur Ɣar warni 1884, idwr Ɣar barsiluna, mani icark mliḥ di lḥayat nnaqabiya n tndint a. dg isggʷasn a, abaya tuƔa d lmital x lmasar n ttaṭṛṛuf n lḥaraka n lℇummal ikatalaniyn, immutti zi lmawaqif n leiṣlaḥiyin Ɣar lfawḍa. di 1892 ṭṭfnt ar mani icarc di lmuḥawala n leiḍṛab lℇamm. memmis galilyu ixrq di barsiluna.

di 1894 abaya idwr Ɣar manliw, istaqrr di ccariℇ n sant anṭuni akd tmƔart nns d tarwa nnsn. dg usggʷas n 1900, am lmusiyyir n leittiḥad n lℇummal leiqlimi n lfunun d lḥiraf di lḥawḍ n il tir, iḥawl ad inḍḍm nnaqabat s fidiraliyat lℇummal n sbanya, i war iqqimn. di lmasar a, idfℇ umi qqarn manifyistu n manliw. di 1911, di 66 sna, iffƔ ℇawd zi manliw akd tmƔart nns d tarwa nns. immut di barsiluna di mayyu 1917.

63

ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵍⴰⴹⵓ

ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵄⴰⵎ ⵏ 1880 ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵙ. ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵇⵔⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵄⴰⵚⵉⵎⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵚⵓⵏⴰ, ⴷⵉ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ, ⵜⵊⴱⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ. ⵍⴰⴹⵓ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵄⴰⵛ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵖⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⵏ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵙⵄ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ. ⵍⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷ, ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵙ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⴰⵜ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴽⵉ.

ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵍⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⵙⴰⵀⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵀⵍⴰⴽ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵕⴽⴽⵥ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⵔⴰⵃⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵍⵉⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⵏⵓ, ⵎⵏⴱⵄⴷ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ, ⵍⴰⴹⵓ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵅⵚⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵄⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴹ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵊⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴹⵉⵏⴰ.

ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴹⵀⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉ, ⵍⴰⴹⵓ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉ ⵍⵊⴱⵀⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⵓⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴻⴰⵃⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1934. ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ, ⴷⵉ ⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵍ, ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍ ⵍⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⴰⴷ ⵍⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵔ ⵔⵃⴰⴱ, ⵍⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⵕⵡⵔ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 1963 ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵉⵔⵉⵙ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ, ⵊⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰ, ⵉⴼⴹⴹⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵏⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵔⵅⴼⵉⴼ ⴷⵉ 3 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1939.

juzib laḍu

ixrq di ℇam n 1880 di ulust di lusanis. dƔya istaqrr di manliw akd familiya nns. lℇaṣima ṣṣinaℇiya di uṣuna, di rsnin nni, tjbd d aṭṭaṣ n lyad lℇamila zg idurar yudsn. laḍu tuƔa d amnzu n tnℇac n aytmas. ibda ad ixdm di fabrika n kan bunti ar mani tuƔa Ɣars Ɣir tmn snin niƔ tsℇ snin, immut babas armani it tuƔa d amẓyan. laḍu idwr d anƔƔad, rxdmt i tuƔa ttggn Ɣir argayn di manliw s jjhd n lyad lℇamila. Ɣar zzat xdmn di ccarika n lmuṣilat n trisinti n ṛuki.

juzib laḍu isahm ad ibddr ttaℇawuniya lmutabadala n uƔrum d min ittwaccan di manliw Ɣar ijj n ttaℇawuniyat iℇnan n leistihlak di katalunya. dg umzwaru, iṛkkẓ nnacaṭ nns di manliw, maca lmuqtaraḥat nnsn ttwancarnt di leiqlim maṛṛa n uṣunu, mnbℇd ggin tnt di katalunya maṛṛa. s uynni, laḍu tuƔa d ijj n ccxṣiya iℇnan di lḥaraka ttaℇawuniya n katalunya, akd memmis n manliwi nniḍ qqarn as jwan kuḍina.

di lmḍhr ssiyasi, laḍu tuƔa d lmustacar n lmjlis n tndint n manliw i ljbha lwaḥida n iẓṛmaḍn dg isggʷusa n ribublika, tuƔa d lℇumda di leaḥdat n ukṭubṛ 1934. mn bℇd, di garra sibil, idwr d lℇumda ittmttal leittiḥad leictiraki n katalunya. ar mani tkmmr rḥab, laḍu iṛwr. Ɣar unggaru ittwanfa Ɣar fṛansa, mani immut di 1963 di tndint n hyiris. amddukr nns di filat n ttaℇawuniyat d leictirakiya, jwan kudina, ifḍḍl ad iqqim di manliw. nƔint s rxfif di 3 maṛṣ 1939.

64

ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ.( ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ)

ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵓⵢ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵓⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴷⵉ 1872. ⵣⵉ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵅⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵡⵛⵉⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵕⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵇⵔⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵔⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ. ⵍⵎⴽⵍⵍⴼ ⵣⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵙ, ⴽⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ, ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ : ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰⵙ ; ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴱⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⴷ.

ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵎⵏ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵄⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵛⵛⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ, ⵏⵏⵀⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵛⵛⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ : ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵣⵉⵛⵛ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵕⴱⵄⵟⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵄⵄⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⵜⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴱⵜⴰⵜ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵍ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵟⵟⵕⴰⵎ, ⵉⴹⵚ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵃⵃⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴱⵢⴰⵅⵉ ⴰ. ⴷⵉ ⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵣⵉ 40 ⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵅⴷⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵛⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵯⴷⵉ, ⵜⴰⴹⵃⵃⴰⵛⵜ, ⵔⵖⵏⵓⵊ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵚⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵕⴰⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⴰⵃ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ.

ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵎⴷ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵜⵄⴷⵓ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰⵙ. ⵔⵅⵕⴰⵚ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵇⵍⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ. ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ (ⴰⴹⴱⴰⵅ, ⴰⵚⴱⴱⵏ, ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ…). ⵜⵎⵔⵛ ⴷⵉ 19 ⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵉⴽⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵕⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1934, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ 62 ⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵔⵀⵔⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵜ, ⵙ ⵔⵙⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵖⴱⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵃⵃⴰⵔⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ, ⵀⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵀⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵉ.

mariyya ṛuma.( tudrt nns ittwarin zi jjdid)

txrq di sant buy di lukanis di 1872. zi tmẓi tmmutti akd babas d immas d xmsa n aytmas Ɣar manliw, mani fabrikat wcin lfuṛaṣ d jjdid n rxdmt. ijj n umas n babas istaqrr di tndint iwca asn ijj n rbit di taddart nns aṭṭaṣ n rwqt. lmkllf zi fabrika mani ixddm umas, kan ṛuṣinyul, iwca asn rxdmt : i babas, di kaṛḍas ; immas di asbis i yijj zg aytmas irmmd anƔad.

mariyya, i Ɣa idja tmn snin, tbda rxdmt tettℇawan immas. fabrika tuƔa tccur s tmƔarin d iḥnjirn, nnhar maṛṛa iccur s rxdmt : tbdda zicc rxdmt tettawḍ ar aṛbℇṭac n tsℇℇatin ku ass, txddm ura d ssbtat. abrid Ɣar fabrika izmmr ad imttl ijj n rwqt d amẓyan n nnacaṭ, waxxa ittiri ṭṭṛam, iḍṣ d raḥḥart dg ubyaxi a. di ktar zi 40 sna idi txdm di fabrikat, ibridn tuƔa ttckkaln tiggʷdi, taḍḥḥact, rƔnuj, maca akd uṣuni n ljaṛaṣ ittṛaḥ asn mana a.

di fabrika, mariyya ṛuma trmd di drus n rwqt tℇdu Ɣar mitciras. rxṛaṣ tuƔa drus qll zg iryazn. rxdmt di fabrika ur das tkkis rxdmt n taddart (aḍbax, aṣbbn, ḥṭṭu n iḥnjirn…). tmrc di 19 sna akd ijj n uxddam n lqiṭaℇ n nnasij ikd tettjja stta n tarwa nns, aṛbℇa n tḥnjirin d tnayn n iḥnjirn. di 1934, ar mani tuƔa Ɣars 62 sna, tmmut mariyya ṛuma s rhrac n taṛut, s rsbab n lƔbra n fabrika d raḥḥart zi rxdmt, ha di taddart ha di fabrika. tuƔa war tssin ra ad tƔar ra ad tari.

65

ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏⴰⵙ

ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ 1796, ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ. ⴷⵉ 16 ⵙⵏⴰ, ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵔⵛ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵅⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵎⵣⴷⴰⵀⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵊⴰⵡⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⴽⵓⵔⵜⴰⴷⴰ, ⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉⵙⵜⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵕⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵍⵎⵛⵔⵓⵄ.

ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵛⵡⴰⵢ, ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱ ⵅ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵕⴰⵃ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵙ. ⵍⵎⵏⵜⵓⵊ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵡⵔ ⵙⵔⵉⵄ, ⵉⵕⵅⵚ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵉ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ 1853. ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⴷⵉ 57 ⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵣⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵍⴻⴰⵖⵍⴰⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵔ ⵣⵉ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1875 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵔⵀⵔⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ 79 ⵙⵏⴰ. ⵔⵅⴷⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ.

jawmi bawlinas

ixrq di manliw di 1796, dg yijj n familiya n inssajn. babas tuƔa qqarn as ura d ntta jawmi, tuƔa d bilayri, amnni iqqim ittgg rxdmt n babas. di 16 sna, bawlinas imrc bitrunila turrint, am ntta ura d nttat zi manliw, yuru akids xmsa n iḥnjirn d tnayn n tḥnjirin.

isggʷusa imzwura n rqan 19 tuƔa tn mzdahrin i inssajn n ṛqṭn, am bawlinas, ufin di manliw ssinaryu lmunasib i tymi n ṣṣinaℇa nnsn. jawmi bawlinas idwr Ɣars stta n tilaris xddmn s ifassn di ttayar nns, idjan di ccariℇ kurtada, di ssfli n taddart nns. iwca rxdmt i tsℇa n iwdan, zzaysn tarwa nns d issis ar mani iwḍn Ɣar rsnin n rxdmt. maca garra n fṛanṣa d garra tamzwarut n karlistas ḍaṛṛn as lmcruℇ.

cway s cway, ṭṭalab x nnasij nns iṛaḥ inqqs. lmntuj n fabrikat idwr sriℇ, iṛxṣ. Ɣar unggaru, issufƔ tnayn n tilaris i das iqqimn di 1853. bawlinas, di 57 sna, tuƔa ixṣṣa ad ixdm dg ict zi fabrikat timzwura idjan di manliw. brubitcan zi jjhd n iƔẓaṛ tir. lḥala nns maci nttat waha idjan jar inssajn n manliw. leaƔlabiya nnsn dwrn ixṣṣa ad ℇdun s uƔir zi at bab n fabikat timẓyanin Ɣar ixddamn n fabrikat n jjdid. dg usggʷas n 1875 immut s rhrac n taṛut ar mani i tuƔa Ɣars 79 sna. rxdnni di manliw, qqimn drus n inssajn i Ɣa tuƔa ijj n ttayar di taddart.

66

ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱⴰ, ⴱⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ, ⴱⵉⵍⴰ. ( ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ)

ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⴷⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴷⵉ 1878. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵄⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵔ ⵙⴱⵄ ⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⴷⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴷⵉ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵯⵊ ⵛⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉ ⴱⵉⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵚⵓⵍ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴱⵉⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵟⵓⵕⵏⵓ ⵏ ⴷⵊⵉⵔⵜ. ⵜⵙⵙⵄⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵡⴰ- ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰ- ⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵇⴼⵔ 13 ⵙⵏⴰ. ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵇⵙⵃ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴽⴽ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴷⴳ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵓⴱⵍⵉⵖⴰⵡ ⵅⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵚⴱⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵏⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵕⵏⵓ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⴽⵜⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵃⴷⵉⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ, ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⵉⵎⵏ. ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴹⵄ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵇⵉⵇⴰ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛⵏ ⵇⵇⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵔⵢⴰⵣ. ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵔⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵀⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ 1900, ⵜⵃⴹⴰⵕ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⵛⴰⵔⴽ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷⵉ ⵚⴰⵍⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵢⵓ. ⵜⴱⵉⵏⵚⴰ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵀⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵍⵡⴹⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⵜⵔⵎⴷ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵎⵔⵛ ⴷⵉ 23 ⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⴽⵓⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ 1902 ⴷ 1907. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⴷⵉ 1923 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵄⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

juziba, bibita, bila. ( tudrt ittwarin zi jjdid)

txrq di ṛuḍa di tir di 1878. tuƔa ℇad war tkmmr sbℇ snin ar mani tbda ad txdm di fabrika n kan burtabilla, di ṛuḍa, ur tiggʷj ca aṭṭaṣ i bisu amẓyan idjan di ccariℇ n ṣul dil bunt, mani tzddƔ akd babas d immas, tnayn n ismas d trata n aytmas. tbda bibita rxdmt di asbis dg uṭuṛnu n djirt. tssℇdu dinni rsnin s cway ibddirn n tuṛnu, ar mani i d tiwḍ kuntinuwa- macina n jjdid n unƔad idwrn dg umcan n silfaktina- bddrn as amcan. tuƔa tqfr 13 sna. rxdmt tuƔa tqsḥ, maca rxdmt baṛṛa i taddart, tetticc as lḥurriya ad tnfkk zg uḥṭṭu isƔufan n lwalidin nns d aytmas. ℇawd di fabrika tuƔa Ɣars timddukar nns.

dg rsnin nni bibita d tmddukar nns tuƔa ubliƔaw xasnt ad ṣbaṛnt i uzawar i dasn ttggn iryazn d iḥnjirn xminni ttbddarnt tuṛnu. s usidf n macinat n jjdid n unƔad, maci am silfaktinas, ur ttḥdijint jjhd, dwrnt xddmnt tmƔarin dg umcan n inƔƔadn iqdimn. mana a iwi d ṣṣḍℇ. waxxa di lḥaqiqa min tuƔa das ittqqsn azyn n rmunt i das tticcn qql zg uryaz. ℇawd iryazn nni, tuƔa d imddukar nns n rxdmt, tuƔa xsn ad tt ẓaṛn tbllℇ di taddart nns tetthilla di tarwa nns.

ass amzwaru n mayyu di 1900, tḥḍaṛ bibita ijj n lmasira n lℇummal, tcark days tamƔart tajumhurit anjila lubiz di ayala, di ṣalunit n kan guyu. tbinṣa ca n nhar ad tbddr lwḍℇiya n tmƔarin. trmd bibita ad tƔar ad tari i yixf nns, tmrc di 23 sna akd yijj n umikaniku zi manliw ixddmn di kan brakuns, tuƔa Ɣarsn trata n tarwa nnsn jar 1902 d 1907. ar mani tmmut bibita di 1923 tuƔa ℇad txddm di kan burtabilla.

67

ⵕⵓⵚⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵍ

ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⵕⵓⵚⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⵉ 4 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1886. ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵅⵔⵇⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ, ⵉⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵖⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⴰ, ⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵍ, ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵣⵉ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ. ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵔⵛⵏ ⴷⵉ 1885 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴷ 3 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵕⵓⵚⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⴷⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴼⴰ (ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ). ⴷⵉ 1923, ⴰⴽⴷ 13 ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⴷⵉ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⵉⵔ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⴰ. ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ 138 ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, 67 ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⵍⵜⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵢⵢⴰⵙⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1934 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⴹⵡ ⴷⵉ « ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵔⴰ » ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵍⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴼⵄⵏ ⵅ ⵍⵃⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵇⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴽⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⵡⵜⵛⵎⴰⵙ, ⵎⵉⵔⵙⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵚⴰ. ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵔ ⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵍ (1936-39) ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ 7 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵀⵎⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵙⵙ ⵙ « ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⴱⵉⵇ » ⴷ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵛ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵛⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⴰⵔⵔⴰ. ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵊⴱⵀⴰ ⵛⵛⵄⴱⵉⵢⴰ. ⵍⵄⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵏⵓⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵇⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵄⵍ ⵊⵓⵏⵃⵉ. ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵟⵟⴼⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉ ⴷ ⴷⵔⵇⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵛⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵕⵓⵚⴰ ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴼⴰ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵖ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉ 17, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ 28 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1964.

ṛuṣa mas albanil

txrq ṛuṣa di manliw di 4 yanayr 1886. idjis n biri mas, ixrqn di sant bisins di turilu, ixdmn di manliw am unƔƔad aṭṭaṣ n rsnin. immas n ṛuṣa, anna albanil, ura d nttat zi familiya n inssajn. biri d anna mrcn di 1885 tuƔa Ɣarsn 7 n issitsn d 3 n tarwa nnsn. ṛuṣa tuƔa d tamqrant. waxxa tuƔa tt d tamẓyant tudf ad txdm di fabrika n kan rifa (di manliw). di 1923, akd 13 nniḍn n tmƔarin, tuƔa txddm di mitciras, mani tuƔa Ɣir ijj n uryaz, d ntta di lℇada i tuƔa mkllfa s umcan a. di rwqt nni di fabrika n kan rifa tuƔa xddmn 138 n ixddamn, 67 zzaysn d timƔarin.

tuƔa d ijj n tmƔart mltazma di lmujtamaℇa d siyyasa. di 1934 tuƔa tt d lℇuḍw di « ljmℇiya n lℇummal n iskirra » i Ɣa idja lahadaf ad dafℇn x lḥurriya d listiqlal n katalunya d ljumhuriya, d ttḥsin di ttkwin n tmƔarin. wtcmas, mirsi mas, tuƔa tt d arrayṣa. tkmmr garra sibil (1936-39) nitnti d 7 n tmƔarin nniḍn ittahmi tnt ijj n lqiss s « ssawabiq » d ucrac dg ucmmuḍ n glisya di garra. qqarn ttaqarir blli nitnti maṛṛa yasariyat ttasnt i d akd ljbha ccℇbiya. lℇumda kazanubas tuna, inna di lmuqabil war ggint ura d ijj n lfiℇl junḥi. aṭṭaṣ n jjiran sandn timƔarin ittwaṭṭfn, umi i d drqn Ɣar unggaru. Ɣar warni cwayt, ṛuṣa tdwr Ɣar las mitciras n kan rifa. tqqim tzddƔ rbda di taddart n familiya, di ccariℇ n kumti 17, mani tmmut di 28 dujanbir 1964.

68

ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⴱⵉⴻⴰ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉⵢⴰ ; ⵣⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵍⵃⵉⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴰⵎ ⵚⴰⵕⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍ, ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ, ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⴽⵍⴰ, ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵛⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵣⵉ ⵔⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ… ⴷⵛⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵍⴱⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ. ⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⵔⴰⵏ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴹⴹⵉⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵚⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵄⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⵟⵕⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵅⴰⴷⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰⵡⴰⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ.

ussan d rxdaym i tudrt

ttṣniℇ ibddr qqaℇ tudart n ixddamn. mmuttin zi lbiea lqarawiya Ɣar lḥaḍaṛiya ; zi rxdmt lḥirafiya Ɣar fabrika, s yijj n nniḍam ṣaṛim n rwqt d lℇamal, ussan d izirarn n rxdmt, rxdmt n imẓyann, leazma di lmakla, tudrin ircan, amutti zi rkambu Ɣar tndint… dcurat d tnddam am manliw, turilu d ṛuḍa di tir lbinya nnsn liqtiṣaḍiya d lijtimaℇiya tbddr di drust n rwqt. dg imucan ixran, Ɣar ḍḍifaf n il tir, dwrnt fabrikat d leaṣl n lmustℇmarat ṣṣinaℇiya, addu ukunṭṛul n at bab nnsnt, Ɣarsnt lxadamat nni simant nnsnt am nnawat lḥaḍaṛiya i Ɣa idja aṭṭaṣ n ttṣniℇ.

69

ⴼⴰⵜⵛⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵊⴰⵔ ⵔⵇⵏⴹⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 20. ⵜⵙⴱⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵔⵓⵄ, ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵅ ⴼⴰⵜⵛⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵔⵄⵕⴰⵚⵉ, ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵛⵀⴷ ⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ, ⵍⵎⴰⵖⴰⵙⵉⵍ, ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⴽⵙ ⴱⵉⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵉⵙⵓⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵃⵃⴱⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⴰⵟⵉⵇ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⵟⴰⵇⴰ.

fatcaḍa n yiƔẓaṛ di manliw, jar rqnḍat n kan mulas d fabrika n kan sanglas dg umzwaru n rqan 20. tsbyyan lqanat ṣṣinaℇiya di manliw i Ɣa idja aṭṭaṣ n lfuruℇ, fabrikat i d yusin x fatcaḍa n yiƔẓaṛ n tndint, rℇṛaṣi, icarcn di lmchd a ṣṣinaℇi, lmaƔasil, amcan n rxdmt n tmƔarin, d ccawariℇ imzwura n lminṭaqa n bayiks bila, mani tudrin n familiyat imunn tuƔa ittwabddrn s bisut ḥma ad arḥḥbn s ssakina n lℇummal immarnin, i d yusin zi lmanaṭiq lqarawiya n lminṭaqa.

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ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵄⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 20. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⵀⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵍⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵙⵏⵏⵊ, ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉ. ⴽⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⵚⵕⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19, ⴽⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵉⵙⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⴰ, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵔ ⵔⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⴱⵔⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴰⵚⵉ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵕⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ, ⴽⴰⵡ ⴼⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰ (ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵉⵜⵊⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ).

ⵍⵎⵡⵇⵉⵄ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⴱⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴰⴽⵉⵥ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵀⵀⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴻⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵄⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵅ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ. ⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵙⵉⵖⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ, ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵃⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵍⵎⴰⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵖⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴰⴽⵉⵥ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⵟⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ.

lmustℇmara ṛuṣinyul dg umzwaru n rqan 20. tuƔa tt Ɣar nnihaya n lbaladiya n manliw, iƔẓaṛ n snnj, baṛṛa i lmṛkẓ lḥaḍaṛi. kan ṛuṣinyul tuƔa d fabrika n familiya n lfnnan lℇṣṛi santiyagu ṛuṣinyul. Ɣar unggaru n rqan 19, kan ṛuṣinyul umi qqarn ℇawd kan rimisa, tuƔa d fabrika imƔarn qqaℇ di manliw. di rwqt a, ikmmr rbni n la kulunya, bra fabrika d tudrin, tuƔa days ijj n ṛmaṣi, ijj n glisya d tamẓyant d lbuṛj n lus ṛuṣinyul, kaw faluga (ism i d yusin zi il kaw firrat di sitjis, d santiyagu ṛuṣinyul).

lmwqiℇ n fabrikat, baṛṛa i lmaṛakiẓ lḥaḍaṛiya iḍfaṛn abrid n yiƔẓaṛ ḥma ad brubitcan zi jjhd n waman, ishhr ttaesis n lmustℇmarat ṣṣinaℇiya x maṛṛa manis ikka iƔẓaṛ. tina ttsiƔurarnt leistiƔlal n jjhd n yiƔẓaṛ, bla aqqa smmḥn i at bab n fabrikat, s uḥṭṭu n qqaℇ lmaḍahiṛ n tudart n rbda, ad siƔurarn ḥṭṭu d ssilm lijtimaℇi i tuƔa ittxṣṣan di lmaṛakiẓ ṣṣinaℇiya nnacṭin qqaℇ.

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ⵍⵡⴰⵄⵢ ⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵇⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ

ⴷⵡⵔⵏⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵇⴰⵜ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⴷⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵔⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵙⵙⵏⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏⵜ : ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ : ⴷ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵊⵀⵏⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵃⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵇⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ. ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵀⴷⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ, ⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵜⵔⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵃⵣⴰⴱ ⵙⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ , ⵜⵜⵃⵎⵍⵍⵏ ⵍⵎⵙⴻⵓⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵜⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⵇⴱⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⴷ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ. ⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ, ⵜⵛⵊⵊⵄ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⵕ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴰⵇⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⵇⵓⵇ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ.

lwaℇy s ṭṭabaqa leijtimaℇiya

dwrnt ṭṭabaqat leijtimaℇiya ljadida ittwaxrqn s lℇamaliya n ttṣniℇ ssnnt lmaṣaliḥ nnsnt, s uynni, tuƔa ttnḍḍamnt : lℇummal ḥma ad ḥssnn ḍḍuṛuf nnsn leijtimaℇiya idjan cway waha : d at bab n ccarikat ḥma ad wajhnt ṭṭalabat n lℇummal, tuƔa ḥṭṭant listiqrar idjan. ljmℇiyat i Ɣa idja ahdaf taqafiya, taℇawuniya d taℇaḍudiya, naqabiya, d lmunḍḍamat n ibatrunn di ca n twaratin ura d leaḥzab ssiyasiya , ttḥmlln lmseuliya n ttmtiliya i tuƔa war idjin qbr di lmujtamaℇ d rwqt nni. ura d glisya tirar ijj n ddawr imƔar, tcjjℇ ljmℇiya n lℇummal i Ɣa idja uẓwaṛ d akatuliki tettnaqaḍ akd ljmℇiyat lℇummaliya iṭṭalabn s lḥuquq idjan ℇilmaniya.

72

ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏⴽ

ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵟⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵢⵓⴷ ⵉ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵄⵡⴰ ⵍⵄⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵊⴷⵉⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⵎ ⴽⵍⴰⴱⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵀⴰⵎⵎⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵄⵏⴰ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⴻⴰⵀⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵔⴼⵉⵀⵉⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵃⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ.

ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴷⵉ 1862 ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏⴽ. ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴰⵔⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ (ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵔⵅⵅⵓ ⵉⵏⵔⵉⴽ ⴷⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ), ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵃⴰⵔⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵊⴰⵍ ⵍⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉ, ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⵎ ⴽⵍⴰⴱⵉ ⵉⵃⴹⴰⵕ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴻⵉⴼⵜⵉⵜⴰⵃ. ⴷⵉ 1880 ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵡⴰⵏ. « ⴽⵓⵔⵓ », ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵄⴰⴷ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵄⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵢⵓ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵔⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵛⵛⴹⵉⵃ, ⵏⵏⴰⴷⴰⵡⴰⵜ, ⵍⵃⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰⵜ, ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⵄⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵄⵓⵕⵓⴹ ⵍⵎⵚⵔⴰⵃⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵛⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ. ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉⵃ ⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⴰⵢⵢⴰⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵔⵔⵖⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵔ. ⵉⵅⵔⵇ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⵄⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴽⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⴷⵉ 1880. ⴷⴷⵄⵡⴰ ⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵄⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⵍⵍⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵚⵚⵓⵍⵓⵟⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵔⵙⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⴽⵉⵍ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ, ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⵉ ⴷⵉ 1913.

ljmℇiya n kuṛal il brugris manliwink

dg yijj n rwqt n leiḍṭihad n ljmℇiyat n lℇummal d lquyud i ggin i lḥurriya n ljmℇiyya, lkayanat n kuṛal iqqnn Ɣar lḥaraka n ddℇwa lℇilmaniya d ttjdidiya n juzib ansilm klabi tuƔa Ɣars ijj n leahammiya tℇna. waxxa leahdaf nns tuƔa tn taqafiya trfihiya, tuƔa tn am tḥzzant issawaḍn lmaṭalib n lℇummal.

di manliw, di 1862 txrq d ijj n ljmℇiya tamzwarut n kuṛal n il tir, ljmℇiya kuṛal il brugris manliwink. Ɣars lmaqarr di ccariℇ n kal di tir (umi ttinin rxxu inrik dilaris), tuƔa d ijj n lkayan ittḥarrakn di lmajal ljumhuri ura n lℇummali, iqqn Ɣar lḥaraka ijjin juzib ansilm klabi iḥḍaṛ simant nns di leiftitaḥ. di 1880 tmmutti ljmℇiya Ɣar basiyu n san jwan. « kuru », ism izi ttwafkkar ℇad ljmℇiya a, iqqim iqqn Ɣar lℇimara n basiyu san jwan mani it tuƔa rsnin, tuƔa days rqhwa mani ittiri ccḍiḥ, nnadawat, lḥafalat, ttajmmuℇat, d lℇuṛuḍ lmṣraḥiya, d ca nniḍn. zi lmalamiḥ a lmumayyaza n lkayan a tuƔa rrƔba nns ad isƔar. ixrq il brugris ijj n tmzyida ℇilmaniya d lmktaba di 1880. ddℇwa a Ɣar ttℇlim tiwi as d lmuwajahat mƔarnt akd lqiṭaℇ lkatuliki di tndint. Ɣar warni aṭṭaṣ n ttaqallubat s lmuwajaha akd ṣṣuluṭat s rsbab n lmacakil leiqtiṣaḍiya, ljmℇiya kuṛal il brugris tettwafsi di 1913.

73

ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴱⵉⵢⵓⵔⵉⵙ

ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵀⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵜⵛⴰⵔ ⵅ ⵜⵜⵉⵊⴰⵔⴰ, ⵎⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⵀⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵔ ⴰ, ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ, ⴱⵍⵅⵓⵚⵓⵚ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵀⵍⴰⴽ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵀⴰⵎⵎⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ , ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵇⵉⴼ ⵍⴻⵉⵚⵍⴰⵃⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⴷⵉⵍⴰ.

ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵙⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵀⵍⴰⴽ, ⴷⵉ 1901, ⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙⵏⵜ 300 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵛ. ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ ⵍⴻⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵃⵡⴰⵢⵊ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1903, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴱⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⴹⵓⵍⵚⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ, ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⴱ ⵍⵅⵓⵚⵓⵚ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵃⴷⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1908, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ 300 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵛ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵙ, ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜ: ⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜⴰ, ⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⵉⵔ, ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵙⵜⵉⵀⵍⴰⴽ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵅⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ: ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵀⵍⴰⴽⴰⵜ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵄⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴱⵃ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵎⵅⵚⵚⴻⵚ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵄⵍⵉⵎⵉⵢⴰ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵛ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵅ ⵜⵓⵄⵄⴹⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⴰⵔ, ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵉⵏⴼⵉ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵀⵔⴰⵛ, ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵅ ⵔⵄⵣⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵅⵎⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ, ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ, ⵜⵜⵔⵡⵉⵊ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ.. ⴷⵉ 1916 ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴰⵔⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵍⴰⵚⴰ ⴼⵔⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⴰⴷⵉ, ⵍⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⵍⵃⵙⵙⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⴷⵉ 1936 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⵡⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵙ 700 ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵎⵏⵅⴰⵕⵟⴰ.

ttaℇawuniya ttaℇaḍudiya n ba i kibiyuris

ttṣniℇ yiwi d ℇawd tamarniwt n lℇadad n lmusthlikin, imƔar uttcar x ttijara, min i d iwin ttadhwur n ḍḍuṛuf n tudart n ixddamn. dg wayyar a, ttaℇaḍudiya d ttaℇawuniya, blxuṣuṣ iqqnn Ɣar leistihlak, tuƔa Ɣarsn leahammiya dg umzwaru n lḥaraka n ixddamn , Ɣaliban di lmawaqif leiṣlaḥiya d lmuℇtadila.

dg unggaru n rqan 19 tuƔa djant di manliw stta n ttaℇawuniyat, maṛṛa n leistihlak, di 1901, tina tuƔa daysnt 300 n imcrac. nnacaṭ leasasi tuƔa d timnziwt n rḥwayj n macca s yijj n ttaman umi zmmarn iwdan. di 1903, ijj n grubbu n ixddamn n il ḍulṣit igga ttaℇawuniya ttaℇaḍudiya n uƔrum, i tuƔa d ttaℇawuniya tamzwarut i ibnan ijj n ufarran. tuƔa tznuza b lxuṣuṣ aƔrum, ittḥdajan iwdan dg umzwaru. tuƔa d ljmℇiya n ixddamn, zmmarn ad days irin ixddamn i Ɣa idja rmunt waha. di 1908, tuƔa days 300 n imcrac. ijj n usggʷas Ɣar warnas, tmmarni Ɣar trata nniḍn n ttaℇawuniyat: la alyanta, la familiyar d il burbinir, izznuzan lmawadd n leistihlak, Ɣar unggaru tixḍaṛ ism nns anggaru: ttaℇawuniya ttaℇaḍudiya n uƔrum d lmusthlakat. tuƔa d ijj n lkayan n zzℇamt n lḥaraka ttaℇawuniya di katalunya. ijj n uzyn n arrbḥ tuƔa mxṣṣeṣ i lmusaℇada ttaℇaḍudiya, maca ura i nnacaṭat ttaqafiya d ttℇlimiya. tuƔa tettic lmusaℇada x tuℇℇḍṛa d twsar, lmusaℇada n usginfi zi rhrac, lmusaℇada x rℇzat d war xminni tettƔimi rxdmt, d ṣṣiyana n lḥaḍana, ttrwij i tudrin immarnin aṭṭaṣ di rwqt nni.. di 1916 ggin lmaqarr nns lijtimaℇi di blaṣa fra birnadi, lmṛkẓ lḥssas di manliw. di 1936 tuƔa ttkwwan ttaℇawuniya s 700 n familiyat mnxaṛṭa.

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ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ

ⵙ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴼⵄⵏ ⵅ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⴹⵓⵕ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ, ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵎⵕⵊⵉⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ ⵍⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ, ⵍⴻⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵚⵓⵍⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ, ⴱⵔⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⵜⴰⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⵏⴹⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ.

ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵜⵏⴹⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍⵍⵉⵢⴰ , ⵎⵏⴼⴰⵚⵍⴰ ⵅ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴱⵄⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⴷⵛⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵅ ⵜⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⴰⴽⵉⵥ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ, ⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⵓⵔ, ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1870, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⴷⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵜⵏⵏ ⵇⴰⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⵍⴻⴰⵄⴹⴰⴻ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⴰ ⵛⴰⵔⵛⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⴻⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴻⵙⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1900 ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵛ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⴹⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴰⵔⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵜⵄⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵊⵏⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴽⴰⵥⵉⵢⴰ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⴳⵓⵢⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙ. ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 20, ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵚⵓⵍⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⵎ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⵄⴰⵜ. ⵣⵉ 1904 ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⵍⴻⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵍⵃⴰⵇⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵚⵓⵍⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ.

nnaqabat

s lmuwazat akd lkayanat ttaqafiya d lmusaℇada ttaℇaḍudiya idjan, mani ttmunan ixddamn ḥma ad dafℇn x lmaṣaliḥ nnsn, ku maṛṛa ittiri Ɣars aṭṭaṣ n lḥuḍuṛ Ɣar nnaqabat itettarn lmaṭalib, i Ɣa idja mṛjiℇiya idyulujiya d jjdid, b ḍḍbṭ ljumhuriya, leictirakiya d lla ṣulṭawiya, bra ma nttu ttaetir n glisya di ttnḍim n katulikiya leijtimaℇiya n jjdid.

dg umzwaru, ttnḍimat n nnaqabat tuƔa d timẓyanin, maḥalliya , mnfaṣla x lḥarakat timqranin. dg umzwaru n ssbℇinat zi rqan 19, aṭṭaṣ n dcurat x tma n yiƔẓaṛ n tir tuƔa Ɣarsn maṛakiẓ Ɣarsnt lℇalaqa akd nnaqaba lwaṭaniya, lis tris klasis di babur, i Ɣa idja idyulujiya ctirakiya. di 1870, tuƔa Ɣars Ɣar manliw ict zi lmndubiyat imtnn qaℇ di nnaqaba a di qqaℇ katalunya. leaℇḍae n lmjmuℇa a carcn di lmuetamar ttaesisi n leittiḥad lℇamm n ixddamn. di 1900 tcarc manliw dg yijj n lmuḥawala d jjdid n ttnḍim n nnaqabat akd lfidiraliya n nnasij tasbanyut, istamrrn drus n rsnin. tgga lfidiraliya lmaqarr di manliw, tℇyyn d leamin n lljna lmaṛkaẓiya zi manliw juzib guytiras. di rqan 20, nnaqaba leictirakiya d lla ṣulṭawiya tnḍḍm ixf nns dg aṭṭaṣ n ttajmmuℇat. zi 1904 tettmṛkẓ leictirakiya di ljmℇiya n ixddamn n lfnn n fabrikat d lmulḥaqat di manliw, nnaqabat lla ṣulṭawiya tuƔa days nnaqaba lwaḥida n ixddamn di manliw.

75

ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉ ⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⴱⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⴰ

ⵙ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⵏⵜⴰⴹⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵊⴰⵡⴰⴱ ⵅ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵔⵇⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⵟⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵙⵎⵃⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵇⵏ ⵊⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵃⵍⵍⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⴽⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ. ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴽⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵣⴷⵊⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵄⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵇⵉ.

ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴻⵙⵙⴻⵙ ⴷⵉ 1892 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵔⵜⵙ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓⵏⴰ. ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴰ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵍⵎⵓⵀⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ, ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⴽⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⴰ, ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵖⵍⴰⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴰⵎ ⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰ, ⵍⵓⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⵙ, ⵍⵓⵙ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵓⵙ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵙ. ⴷⵉ 1899 ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵔ, ⴰⴷⵓ ⵔⵔⵉⵄⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍ, ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵍⵡⴰⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵅ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵎⵥ, ⴱⵍⵅⵓⵚⵓⵚ ⵍⵓⴽ-ⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴻⴰⵃⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1901, ⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵡⵇⵄ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⵇⵙⵃ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴰⵎ. ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴹⴰⵀⵓⵕⴰ ⵅ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⴰⴹⴰⵇⴰ ⵅ ⵍⵇⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵇ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵢⴻⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⵃⴽⵉⵎ ⵍⵎⵓⵅⵟⴰⵍⵉⵟⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵍⵍⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵛⴰⴽⵉⵍ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ.

ljmℇiya n at bab n fabrikat di manliw i la siba kumarka

s ixddamn mntaḍmin am ljawab x imnƔan immarnin di lmujtamaℇ, Ɣar unggaru n rqan 19 ttwaxrqnt lmunḍḍamat n ibaṭṛunn i Ɣa idja lhadaf amzwaru ad kkarn kunṭṛa n ljmℇiyat n ixddamn. smḥn i at bab n fabrikat ad nssqn jarasn di lmuwajaha n ixddamn, ad ḥlln lmacakil idjan jar ibaṭṛunn. at bab n fabrikat ksin dg uzdjif nnsn lwaℇy ṭṭabaqi.

ljmℇiya n at bab n fabrikat di manliw d lminṭaqa nns tettwaesses di 1892 tuƔa Ɣars lmaḥall di gran billa di lis kurts katalanis di barsiluna. ljmℇiya a ggin tt tnayn n at bab n fabrikat n nnasij lmuhimmat di rwqt nni, at bab n ṛqṭn di manliw albirt ṛuṣinyul d bisins kasakubirta, cway dwrn ssadafn leaƔlabiya n at bab n fabrikat n ttṣniℇ di manliw, am lus almida, lus sanglas, lus bilasika niƔ lus kumas. di 1899 tiriw tdwr qqarnt as ljmℇiya n at bab n fabrikat n il tir d il frisir, adu rriℇaya n albirt ṛuṣinyul, i tuƔa d aṛṛayṣ n tnkra s rxdmt lwaṭaniya. tirar ljmℇiya ijj n ddawr imƔar di rwqt n umnƔi x ubddr n ṛṛamẓ, blxuṣuṣ luk-awt n ccarikat i tuƔa d ssibba di leaḥdat n maṛṣ 1901, idi twqℇ lmuwajaha tqsḥ jar ixddamn d lquwwat n nniḍam. ljmℇiya a tgga ttaḍahuṛa x lmuṣaḍaqa x lqanun n xalq n hayeat ttḥkim lmuxṭaliṭa ḥma ad ḥlln lmacakil jar at bab n ccarikat d ixddamn.

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ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ.

ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵄⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⴰⵊⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴽ. ⴷⵉ 1841 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⵎ, ⴷⴰⵢⵙ 72 ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵅⴰⵕⵉⵟⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵍⵎⴹⵀⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⴹⴹⵎ ⵎⵄⵔⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ.

ⵛⵛⴰⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉ.

ⴷⵉ 1878. ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⵉ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ. ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵔⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵙⵔⵃ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1898 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ 150 ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵅⴰⵕⵉⵟⵉⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵔⵅⵅⵓ.

ljmℇiya n inssajn.

tuƔa tt tabℇa i ljmℇiya n inssajn di bik. di 1841 tuƔa txddm, days 72 n lmunxaṛiṭin. d lmḍhṛ amzwaru idjan mnḍḍm mℇruf n lḥaraka n ixddamn di manliw.

ccabab akatuliki.

di 1878. lkayan ttaqafi i Ɣa idja iẓuṛan ikatulikiyn i Ɣa idja ijj n ttaetir di manliw. zg umzwaru nns, tuƔa Ɣars rqhwa d yijj n lmsrḥ d amẓyan. di 1898 tuƔa days 150 n lmunxaṛiṭin. iqqim idja ar d rxxu.

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ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ.

ⵣⵉ 1892. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵀⵔⴰⵛ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵛ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴰⵔⵔⵃⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1898 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ172 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵛ, ⵍⴻⴰⵖⵍⴰⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⴼⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴻⴰⵇⵙⴰⵎ. ⴷⵉ 1902 ⵜⵃⴰⵡⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵏⵜⴰⵊ.

ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ).

ⴷⵉ 1897. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵎⴰⵇⴰⵔⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⵓ 10 ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵇⴱⵔ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ. ⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⵓⵀⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵅⴰⵕⵟⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵀⵔⴰⵛ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⴼⴰⵄ ⵅ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⴷⵉ 1898 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ 400 ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵅⴰⵕⵟⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵍⴼⴰⵄⵄⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵕⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ.

ljmℇiya n leittiḥad n fabrikat di manliw d min das innḍn.

zi 1892. tuƔa d ijj n ljmℇiya n lmusaℇada ttaℇaḍudiya di lḥala n rhrac. tuƔa ℇawd tettic lmusaℇada i ixddamn ittwasarrḥn. di 1898 tuƔa days172 n imcrac, leaƔlabiya nnsn mkllfin s leaqsam. di 1902 tḥawl ad txrq ijj n ttaℇawuniya n leintaj.

ljmℇiya n ixddamn (ixddamn n manliw).

di 1897. tuƔa Ɣars lmaqarr di ṭṭabaq n wadday nnumru 10 di ccariℇ il tir, amcan nni simant nns idi tuƔa idja qbr il brugris. zi nnacaṭat lmuhimma i tettgg nttaf lmusaℇada ttaℇaḍudiya n lmnxaṛṭin nns di lḥala n rhrac d ddifaℇ x lmaṣliḥ n ixddamn. di 1898 tuƔa days 400 n lmnxaṛṭin. tudf s lfaℇℇaliya dg waṭṭaṣ n ṣṣiṛaℇat di rxdmt.

78

ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵙⴰⵏⵓⴱⴰ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵙ. ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴻⵙⵙⴻⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1899, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵙⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⴽⵥ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵍⵍⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵇⴱⵔ. ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵅⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵏⴹⴹⵎ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟⴰⵜ, ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵙⵔⵃ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵉ.

ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⴰⵀⴰⵔⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ.

ⴷⵉ 1901 ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵊⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵔⴰⵢⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵃⴹⵉⵕⴰⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵔⵇ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵏⵜⴰⵊ ⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵙ, ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄ ⴽⴰⴱⴰⵢⵉⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵅⴷⴷⵎ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911 ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ.

ljmℇiya lkatalaniya rafayil di kasanuba.

tettwassn s yism n kan katalans. ttwaesses di maṛṣ 1899, waxxa tzmmar ad ttwaḥsb d ijj n ttatimma n lmṛkẓ akatalani, ittwaḥlln tnayn n isggʷasn qbr. Ɣar warni xmmstac asna n tudart, tnḍḍm aṭṭaṣ n nnacaṭat, zzaysnt lmsrḥ d usari.

ttaℇawuniya laharmunya.

di 1901 ijj n lljna n ixddamn d iḥrayfiyn di manliw tbda ttḥḍiṛat ḥma ad txrq ttaℇawuniya n leintaj la harmunya. ijj n usggʷas Ɣar warnas, fabrika n nnasij idjan di ccariℇ kabayiriya tuƔa txddm. ur tqqim dg usggʷas n 1911 Ɣar warni ijj n leazma.

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ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏ.

ⴷⵉ 1888. ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵄ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵍⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ. ⵍⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵃⵢⵢⴷ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵛⴰ ⵣⴳ 1891.

ⵍⵄⴰⴷⵔⴰⴻ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏⴰ ⵜⵃⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵣⵣⴰⵢⵙⵏ ⵎⵜⵄⵍⵍⴰⵇ ⵙ ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⵙ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⵓⵔ.

ⵍⵡⴰⵚⴰⵟ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵉ.

ⴷⵉ 1890. ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵍⵎⵊⵎⵓⵄⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉⵙⵜⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⴱ ⵍⵅⵓⵚⵓⵚ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⵉ ⴷⵉ 17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ ⴷⵉ 1898.

ljmℇiya n ixddamn n ssayyida nnƔ dil karmin.

di 1888. d ijj n lkayan Ɣars ṭṭabaℇ dinni ur itettr aṭṭaṣ lmaṭalib. lhadaf nns ad isḥyyd leiḍṛab d imnƔan jar at bab n rxdmt d ixddamn. ur tqqim ca zg 1891.

lℇadrae dil karmin tuƔa tt d baṭṛuna tḥṭṭa ixddamn. s uynni aṭṭaṣ n lkayanat di manliw Ɣarsn ism n baṭṛuna dg yism nnsn, ijj zzaysn mtℇllaq s nnaqaba lis tris klasis di babur.

lwaṣaṭ ttaqlidi.

di 1890. Ɣars lℇalaqa akd lḥizb ttaqlidi ismunn lmjmuℇa n karlistas di manliw, b lxuṣuṣ i Ɣa idja lℇalaqa akd lmalikin lqarawiyin. ittwafsi di 17 Ɣuct di 1898.

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ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵍⵃⴰⵇⴰⵜ.

ⴷⵉ 1904. ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⴼⴰⵄ ⵅ ⵍⵃⵓⵇⵓⵇ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⴻⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵣⵉ 1923.

ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ, « ⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⴰ ».

ⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵉ 1910 ⴰⵎ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵅ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴳⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ. ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵄⵓⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⴹⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵛⵛⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵢⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⴼⴰⵡⴰⴻⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵅⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵚⵎⴰⵍ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵄⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳ ⵍⵅⴰⴷⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵅⴰⵕⵉⵟⵉⵏ.

ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ.

ⴷⵉ 1922. ⵍⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⴷⴷⵉⴼⴰⵄ ⵅ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵅⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵜⴽⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵏⵏⴰⵇⴰⴱⴰ ⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵄⴰ ⵉ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934.

ljmℇiya n ixddamn n lfnn n fabrikat d lmulḥaqat.

di 1904. nnaqaba leictirakiya di manliw n ddifaℇ x lḥuquq n ixddamn. tuƔa tqqn Ɣar leittiḥad lℇamm n ixddamn. ur tqqim zi 1923.

ttaℇawuniya ttaℇaḍudiya n uƔrum akatuliki n ixddam, « la katulika ».

tban d di 1910 am bṭṭu x ttaℇawuniya ttaℇaḍudiya n uƔrum di manliw, Ɣars lhadaf ad ttgg ad tzznz aƔrum. bṭṭu tuƔa t am ttafaℇul akd lqarar n ttaℇaḍudiya n uƔrum itticcn ijj n uzyn zi lfawaeid nns i uxraq n ṛaṣmal jamaℇi ḥma ad tgg lxadamat d jjdid i lmunxaṛiṭin.

nnaqaba lmuwaḥḥada n ixddamn.

di 1922. lhadaf nns tuƔa t ddifaℇ x ixddamn d uxraq n imucan i ttkwin nnsn. nnaqaba a tuƔa tabℇa i ljmℇiya lwaṭaniya n ixddamn. tettwabllℇ dg usggʷas n 1934.

81

ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⵢⴰ.

ⴷⵉ 1877. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵍⵀⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⵀⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵅⴰⵕⵉⵟⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵄⵔⴰⵃⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵔⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴽⵜⴰⴱⴰ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ ⵔⵅⴷⴰⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵙⵔⵃ, ⴰⵔⴽⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵔⵙⵉⵢⴰ. ⴷⵉ 1898 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ 60 ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵅⴰⵕⵉⵟⵉⵏ.

ljmℇiya kuṛal listriya.

di 1877. tuƔa lhadaf nns rhna d ttkwin n lmunxaṛiṭin nns, i tuƔa maṛṛa ℇraḥar d ixddamn. tuƔa days ijj n rqhwa d lmktaba. tuƔa tettnḍḍam rxdaym n lmsrḥ, arkiz d iƔnnijn n kuṛal di rqhwa n garsiya. di 1898 tuƔa days 60 n lmunxaṛiṭin.

82

ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉ

ⵉⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵅ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵖⵢⵉⵔ ⵉⵄⴷⵓ ⵜⵜⴰⵃⵡⵡⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴹⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵇⵙⵃⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⵉⵅⵣⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ ⵉⵊⵊ ⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵇⴱⵔ : ⵍⵃⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⵓⵛⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵍⴻⴰⵀⴰⵎⵎⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵡⵛⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵜⵄⵍⵉⵎ, ⵡⵇⵜ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴰⵖ, ⵕⵕⵉⵢⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴹⵀⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵡⵓⵄ. ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 20 ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵖⴰⵏⵉⵢⵢ ⵎⵜⵏⵡⵡⵄ ⴷⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵄ ⵍⴻⴰⵙⵇⵓⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽ, ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵅ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ, ⵃⴰⴹⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴼⴰⵔ.

lmujtamaℇ ddinamiki

iettr ttṣniℇ x maṛṛa lmaḍahiṛ n lḥayat idjan, tuƔa ittban ttƔyir iℇdu ttaḥwwulat liqṭiṣaḍiya idjan di lḥawḍ il tir. waxxa tuƔa ḍḍuṛuf n tudart n ixddamn qsḥnt, d imnƔan, ixzn lmujtamaℇ ṣṣinaℇi ijj ddinamiya war tt tuƔa qbr : lḥayat lmuctaraka tdwr dg umzwaru. leahammiya immwcn i ttℇlim, wqt lfaraƔ, ṛṛiyaḍa d ttaqafa tḍhar d s yijj n lḥayawiya tmƔar d ttanawwuℇ. dg umzwaru n rqan 20 nnasij leijtimaℇi di manliw tuƔa Ɣaniyy mtnwwℇ di qqaℇ leasqufiya n bik, nssawar x yijj n lmujtamaℇ d jjdid, ḥaḍaṛi ittfarfar.

83

ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⵢⵢⴷⵏ

ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵍⴻⵉⵅⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵍⴻⵉⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏⵜ, ⴹⵓⵕⵓⴼ ⵀⴰⵛⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵇⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵓ ⵍⵃⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰⵜ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵕⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⵊⴰⵔ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⴰⵃⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵟⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴷⵊⴰ ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵅⴰⵟⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ.

ⴰamnƔi ur ittwaḥyydn

lmujtamaℇ immarnin zi lmasar n ttṣniℇ tuƔa days imnƔan. ittmiyyaz s leixtilafat leijtimaℇiya mƔarnt, ḍuṛuf hacca n tudart n ṭṭabaqa n jjdid n ixddamn, tuƔa walu lḥurriya ssiyasiya d ljmℇiyat, tuƔa idja ttaℇaṛuḍ n lmaṣaliḥ jar at bab n fabrikat d ixddamn, djant lmuwajahat jar inni ittṛaḥn akd lkanisa d inni kunṭṛa nns, tdja leazma n ṣṣinaℇa irnin di lxaṭaṛ n leusus n lmujtamaℇ n jjdid.

84

ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵓⵍⵉⵙ!- 1852

ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰ ⵍⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵜⵜⵄⵎⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ ⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⴷⵉ 1852 ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵇⵔⵔⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵀⵡⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵊⵏ ⴱⵢⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏⵏⴰⵡⵄ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵃⵜⵉⵊⴰⵊ. ⵣⵣⴰⵜⵉ ⵍⵡⴹⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⴰ, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⴽⵓ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵓⵍ. ⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴻⴰⵚⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵇⵟⵟⵄⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⴹⵕⴰⴱ: ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔⵓⵍⵉⵙ!

iskirulis!- 1852

ttawra liqṭiṣaḍiya tiwi d akids ttℇmim n leiḍṛab am nniḍam n lmuṭalaba n ixddamn. di manliw ittwagg leiḍṛab amzwaru di il tir. di 1852 bab n fabrika ṣala iqrrer ad isshwa ttaman n lyad lℇamila n ca n byisat. s uynni ixddamn di manliw, ugin ad nsjn byisat a am ijj nnawℇ n leiḥtijaj. zzati lwḍℇiya a, bab n fabrika yiwi rxdmt i ugin ad xdmn Ɣar ddcar yudsn n santa mariyya di kurku, ittwassnn s yism n liskirul. wa d leaṣl n yism ra s tkatalanct ra s tsbanyut iqqarn i ixddamn iqṭṭℇn leiḍṛab: iskirulis!

85

ⵊⵊⵓⵄ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ -1862-1865

ⴷⵉ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵊⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵔⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵄⵉⵛⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵄⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵣⵎ ⴼⵄⵄⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵄ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵎⵄⵕⵕⴹⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⵍⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵇⵉⵟⴰⵄ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵙⵉⵊ, ⵜⴷⵡⵔ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ. ⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵔⵃⴰⵍⵔⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵍⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵓⵄ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ ⵉⵡⵇⵄⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ1862 ⴷ 1865. ⵔⵃⴰⴱ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵉⵏⴼⵉⵚⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷⵉ 1861 ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵅ ⵍⵡⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵇⵟⵏ. ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⵄⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵉ ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵍⴱⴰⵍⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⵎ ⵉⵇⴷⵉⵃⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⴹⴰ ⵅ ⵊⵊⵓⵄ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵓⴱⵍⵉⵖⴰⵡ ⵅⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵃⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵕⴰⴽⵉⵥ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ.

jjuℇ n ṛqṭn -1862-1865

di rqan 19 ixddamn, iggʷjn zi rkambu, tuƔa xddmn di nnacaṭ ṣṣinaℇi ḥma ad ℇicn. ar mani tuƔa ℇad war dinni amikanikizm fℇℇal i ttawaqquℇ, tuƔa tn mℇṛṛḍin i leazma liqṭiṣaḍiya di lqiṭaℇ n nnasij, tdwr dƔya Ɣarsn leazma di lmawadd n macca. wa d rḥalrn lmuslsl n jjuℇ n ṛqṭn iwqℇn jar1862 d 1865. rḥab ikkarn n leinfiṣal dg umirika di 1861 tettr x lwaridat n ṛqṭn. fabrikat n il tir ℇanant zi leazma aṭṭaṣ. di manliw, lbaladiya tnḍḍm iqdiḥn jamaℇiyin ḥma ad tqḍa x jjuℇ, aṭṭaṣ n familiyat tuƔa ubliƔaw xasnt ad smḥnt di lmaṛakiẓ ṣṣinaℇiya.

86

ⵍⴻⴰⵃⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1901

ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵔⵇⴰⵏ 19 ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴻⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⵇⵟⵉⵚⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⵄⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ. ⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⴻⵉⵃⵜⵉⵊⴰⵊⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵔ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ « ⵍⵄⴰⵇⴷ ⵏ ⵊⵊⵓⵄ », ⵡⴰⴼⵇⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵔⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵜⵡⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⵔⵡⵇⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵔⵡⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵛⵀⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⴷⵉ 1901. ⴷⵉ 11 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ, ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⵉⵇⵙⵃⵏ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ, ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ, ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵅ ⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵣⵉ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵍⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⴹⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵔ. ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵃⵓⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵔⵇⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵍⵓ, ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⴱⵉⴳⵉ, ⵡⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵍⵍ. ⴰⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⴰⵏⵉⵄ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴷⵡⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ. ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⵅⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵊⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵡⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰⴻ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⴽⵓⵎⴰ.

leaḥdat n maṛṣ 1901

anggaru n rqan 19 tuƔa days imnƔan s leazma leiqṭiṣaḍiya d unufsr n lmustℇmarat zg ufus. mmarnint leiḥtijajat di maṛṛa lḥawḍ n il tir. at bab n fabrikat imunn di ljmℇiya n at bab n fabrikat n il tir d il frisir, s yism n « lℇaqd n jjuℇ », wafqn ad ssufƔn ixddamn ittmnƔan aṭṭaṣ, kksn asn rxdmt di fabrikat nnsn maṛṛa. lḥala tuƔa tt mtwttra rwqt n ddirwa tuƔa t di char n maṛṣ di 1901. di 11 maṛṣ, at bab n fabrikat, iqsḥn, ttarn abllℇ n fabrikat, di maṛṛa lḥawḍ, ixddamn arrin x mana a zi ribull ar ṛuḍa di tir. di lmuwajahat akd iḥudriyn n lfirqa immut ijj n uxddam di turilu, gasbar bigi, wnniḍn di ribull. abllℇ n lmaṣaniℇ iqqim simana, Ɣar unggaru, ixddamn i tuƔa ssufƔn dwrn d ℇawd ad xdmn. lqaḍiya a ssiwrn xas di lmjlis n lewuzarae n lḥukuma.

87

ⵍⴻⵉⴽⵍⵉⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵀⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⴰⵎ ⵍⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵚⵓⵍⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴻⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵍⴻⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵊⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⴰⵄ ⵍⴰⴻⵉⴽⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵕⴰ ⵍⴻⵉⴽⵍⵉⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ, ⵉⵊⵊⴰ ⴳⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⵉⵇ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ. ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴱ ⵜⵓⵕⵕⴰⵚ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵊⵉⵙ, ⵍⴻⴰⵙⴰⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵊⴰⵔ 1882 ⴷ 1916, ⴷ ⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴳⵉⵍⴰⵔ, ⵍⴻⴰⵙⵇⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵚⵓⴳⵓⵕⴱ, ⵜⵜⵣⵄⵄⵎⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵊⵜⵉⵎⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵅⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵄⵄⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜ.

ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵊⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⵄⵍⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴰⴻⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵎⵄⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵕⵥⵎ ⴷⵉ 1880, ⵜⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵔⴱⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ 1909, ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵍⴻⴰⵃⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⴻⵙⴰⵜ. ⵇⴱⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵍⵍⵄ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵙⴰⴱⴰⵜ, ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵊⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵄⴰⵏⵉⴼⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⴰⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵛⵕⵓⵟⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵢⵓⵛ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵏⵜ.

leiklirikiya d lmunahaḍa nns

adaf n nniḍam ljumhuri, d lla ṣulṭawiya d leictirakiya, d leidyulujiyat i Ɣa idja ṭṭabaℇ laeiki kuntṛa leiklirikiya, ijja glisya ad tarr s ttnsiq akd lmaṣaliḥ n at bab n fabrikat. juzib murgadis d juzib tuṛṛaṣ i bajis, leasaqifa n bik jar 1882 d 1916, d wnni idjan zi manliw fransisk n asiss agilar, leasquf n ṣuguṛb, ttzℇℇmn ijj n lkatulikiya d jjdid jtimaℇiya i ixsn ad tsbℇℇd ixddamn zi lmaṭalib d ubrid n ttawarat.

ijj n lmajal mani tkkar lmuwajaha di ttℇlim s imnƔan iqqnn Ɣar tmzyida laeikiya n ljmℇiya il brugris. tettwaṛẓm di 1880, tbllℇ tiwura nns i rbda di 1909, Ɣar warni leaḥdat n simana n lmaesat. qbr tettwabllℇ dg waṭṭaṣ n lmunasabat, lmuwajahat ca n twaratin tuƔa tnt ℇanifa jar lmuayyidin d lmuℇaṛiḍin, tuƔa tt mcṛuṭa s ttaℇayuc di tndint.

88

ⵍⵅⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰ

ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵅⵉ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵄⵏⴰ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵅⵅⵓ.ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵍⵃⴰⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⴱ ⴹⴹⴱⵟ ⵎⴰⵏⵍⵉⵡ, ⵜⵄⵉⵛ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵃⴰⵡⵡⵓⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉ. ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵔ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⴰ, ⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵍⵊⵉⵍ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵊⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ , ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴰⵢⴰⵛⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵔⵓⵃ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵏⵟⴰⵇⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⵏⴰ.

ⵜⵉⵎⵡⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⴰ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ (ⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉⵢⴰ) ⵜⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵄⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ; ⵍⵎⵊⵀⵓⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵎⵎⵔⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵡⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ- ⴱⵔⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⴻⴰⵖⵍⴰⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⴰⵕ- ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵊⵜⴰⵎⴰⵄ ⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⴷⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵏⴰⵛⴰⵟ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ.

ⵔⵔⵓⵃ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵊⵊⵀⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵉⵢⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵄⴰⴷ ⵊⴰⵡⵀⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵇⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵚⵚⵉⵏⴰⵄⵉⵢⴰ. ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴻⵓⵙⵓⵙ ⵚⴰⵍⴱⴰ ⵉ ⵅ ⴷⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵃⴰⴼⴹ ⵉ ⵅ ⵏⵣⵎⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵛⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵖ.

lxatima

ttṣniℇ d ijj n lmasar tarixi iqqarn min tℇna katalunya n rxxu.maṛṛa lḥawḍ n il tir, b ḍḍbṭ manliw, tℇic ijj n ttaḥawwul farid zg ijj n lmujtamaℇ qarawi Ɣar lmujtamaℇ ṣinaℇi. iƔẓaṛ tir, tuƔa d muṭuṛ amqran n lmasar a, i danƔ ijjin agra n ttaqafa ṣṣinaℇiya, immuttin zi ljil Ɣar ljil ar d ass a nnƔ , ittℇayacn akd rruḥ lqarawiya n lminṭaqa n uṣuna.

timwci n lqima i ttaqafa a ṣṣinaℇiya (maddiya d lla maddiya) txs ad tini lmuṭalaba s tzmmar n zzℇamt d ddinamikiya n at bab n ccarikat d ixddamn; lmjhudat istammrn zg ijj Ɣar wnniḍn- bra ma nttu timƔarin, ijj n leaƔlabiya i war nẓaṛ- d ubani n yijj n lmujtamaℇ madani days nnacaṭ Ɣars aṭṭaṣ n tzmmar ad tnt ismun.

rruḥ n tesis n ccarikat d ttjdid d jjhd d ttaℇawun maṛṛa d lqiyam i idjan ℇad jawhariya di ttaqafa nnƔ ṣṣinaℇiya. ca n leusus ṣalba i x danƔ ixssa ad nḥafḍ i x nzmmr ad nttcr ad nbna imar nnƔ.